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LIBRARY 


Volume  XII. 


SEPTEMBER,  1919 


Numoer  F< 


Ihe  Alleged  Journey,  and  'Ee  Real  Journey 
of  James  White,  on  the  Colorado  _ 

River,  in  1861  ^2^^ 

Robert  Brewster  Stanton    (  E4'4>-(<^a'i 


To  the  Editor  of  The  Trail : 

You  have  requested  me  to  furnish 
you,  for  publication,  the  results  of 
my  investigations  as  to  the  truthful- 
ness of  the  story  of  James  White's 
alleged  journey,  on  a  raft,  down  550 
miles  of  the  Colorado  River,  in  1867, 
as  officially  reported  by  Dr.  C.  C. 
Parry  to  Gen.  William  J.  Palmer  in 
1868. 

Those  investigations  comprise  a 
part  of  a  two  volume  work  which  I 
have  written,  but  not  yet  published, 
giving  the  history  of  "The  Explora- 
tion, Navigation  and  Survey  of  the 
Colorado  River  of  the  West" — from 
1540  to  the  present  time — "From 
the  Standpoint  of  an  Engineer."  The 
White  story  itself  covers  two  hun- 
dred pages,  or  more — too  long  for 
you  to  print.  I  have  consented  to 
write  this  brief  synopsis  of  my  re- 
searches, in  advance  of  the  publica- 
tion of  my  book,  with  this  explana- 
tion: 

Everyone  who  has  discussed  the 
story,  particularly  Mr.  Thomas  F. 
Dawson  in  his  pamphlet,  printed  by 
the  United  States  Senate  in  1917, 


has  done  so  on  the  basis  of  the  pos- 
sibility and  probability  of  its  truth, 
and  nearly  every  one  with  little 
knowledge  of  the  historical  facts  of 
the  origin  and  development  of  the 
tale,  and  judging  from  their  wri- 
tings, with  extremely  little  knowl- 
edge of  the  true  nature  of  the  Colo- 
rado and  the  interior  of  its  canons. 

My  investigations  were  made 
from  an  entirely  different  stand- 
point. I  know  the  Colorado  per- 
sonally and  intimately  from  its  head 
to  its  mouth,  having  made  a  railway 
survey  through  all  of  its  canons, 
during  1889  and  1890,  and  navi- 
gated its  turbulent  waters  in  a  boat 
from  Green  River  to  the  Gulf  of 
California,  besides  spending  several 
years  on  the  river  after  that  time. 

In  making  my  investigations,  I  had 
but  one  idea — to  get  at  the  truth  or 
falsity  of  the  tale  by  gathering  facts, 
not  the  theories  or  opinions  of  men, 
however  eminent  and  honorable 
they  were  and  sincere  their  opinions 
might  be.  Therefore,  my  main  effort 
was  devoted  to  finding,  if  possible, 
original  documents  written  during 


THE  TRAIL 


and  about  the  years  1867  and  1868, 
and  also  getting  a  detailed  account 
of  his  journey  from  the  lips  of 
James  White  himself.  In  all  this,  I 
was  successful  beyond  my  utmost 
expectation. 

First,  I  became  personally  ac- 
quainted with  White,  in  September, 
1907,  visited  him  at  his  home  in 
Trinidad,  Colorado,  and,  with  the 
aid  of  a  stenographer,  took  down  in 
shorthand  his  story  as  he  voluntarily 
related  it,  after  which  I  submitted 
him  to  an  extended  cross-examina- 
tion, asking  him  numerous  ques- 
tions. The  interview  was  taken 
down,  written  out  and  sworn  to  by 
a  personal  friend  of  White's  and  a 
former  schoolmate  of  his  children. 

An  Estimate  of  White's  Character. 

Right  at  the  start,  let  me  make 
myself  clear  as  to  my  estimate  of 
White.  After  talking  with  him  so 
many  hours,  and  corresponding  with 
him  for  several  years,  I  am  sure  he 
is  and  always  has  been  an  honest, 
truthful  and  sincere  man,  as  far  as 
his  mental  abilities  would  permit 
him  to  be,  never  intending  to  mis- 
represent or  exaggerate  his  real  ex- 
ploit on  the  Colorado,  nor  has  he 
ever,  of  his  own  knowledge,  told  a 
single  untruth  about  his  journey,  or 
his  personal  experiences,  on  the 
river  or  before  he  reached  it.  On  the 
other  hand,  however,  White  is  a 
man  of  simple  mind,  with  almost  no 
education,  and  lacking  in  any  logi- 
cal, reasoning  faculty.  Or  to  put  it 
in  the  words  of  Dr.  William  A.  Bell, 
words  written  after  he  had  visited 
and  talked  with  White,  in  1917, — 
"being  the  simple,  uneducated  and 
ignorant  man  that  he  is",  etc. 

Nevertheless,  when  I  first  met 
White,  in  September,  1907,  he  was 
in  perfect,  vigorous  health,  follow- 
ing his  vocation  as  a  public  express- 
man, in  no  way  showing  his  seventy 
years,  except  in  the  color  and  ab- 
sence of  his  hair.    In  the  ordinary 


things  of  everyday  life,  his  mind 
was  as  clear  as  crystal,  so  that  it 
can  be  truthfully  said  that  he  was  in 
full  possession  of  his  wonted  powers 
both  physical  and  mental — modest, 
kind  and  gentlemanly,  and  showing 
no  disposition  to  glorify  himself  or 
his  adventures. 

After  hearing  White's  version  of 
the  story  as  he  dictated  it,  I  soon  be- 
came convinced  that  it  was  made  up 
of  actual  personal  experiences  and 
adventures,  which,  at  the  age  of 
thirty,  were  firmly  fixed  in  his  mind 
because  of  their  uncommon  and 
startling  nature,  and  were  clearly 
remembered  and  related  truthfully 
and  sincerely;  together  with  certain 
supposed  facts  which  had  been  im- 
parted to  him  by  others  and  which 
he  believed  implicitly,  and  which  he 
embellished,  occasionally,  from  his 
own  faulty  memory — faulty,  be- 
cause the  supposed  facts  were  not 
his  personal  experiences,  and  the 
times  when  and  places  where  the 
incidents  described  should  have  oc- 
curred were  badly  mixed  in  his 
mind,  and  with  no  logical  reasoning 
faculty  whatever,  he  had  no  concep- 
tion that  his  embellishments  were 
direct  contradictions  of  the  various 
claims  he  was  making.  The  embel- 
lishments, I  speak  of,  were  not  un- 
true in  themselves,  but  were  mis- 
placed as  to  time  and  space. 

Therefore,  I  attempted  to  separate 
the  truth  from  the  fiction  by  extend- 
ing my  cross-examination.  In  Mr. 
Dawson's  pamphlet,  the  Hon.  S.  W. 
DeBusk,  a  personal  friend  of 
White's,  says:  "To  get  from  him 
what  the  average  writer  or  reporter 
wants,  it  is  necessary  to  inject  ques- 
tions frequently — ^to  go  back  a  little 
now  and  then."  On  this  point  I  claim 
that  until  my  interview  of  1907,  no 
one  else  had  interviewed  White,  and 
recorded  what  he  said,  who  pos- 
sessed the  necessary  information  on 
the  river  and  its  canons  to  do  so  and 


THE  TRAIL 


get  at  the  truth.  This  applies  par- 
ticularly to  Dr.  Parry,  because  only 
a  fraction  of  that  information  exist- 
ed in  1868. 

It  may  be  objected  that  possibly 
the  questions  I  asked  White  brought 
out  only  that  side  of  the  story  which, 
as  Mr.  DeBusk  says,  the  average 
writer  or  reporter  wants.  My  ques- 
tions were  all  recorded  by  the  steno- 
grapher, and  I  make  this  positive 
declaration  that  in  the  direct  exam- 
ination not  one  of  them  was  a  lead- 
ing or  misleading  inquiry,  nor  in  a 
form  that  injEluenced  his  answers; 
and  further,  that  during  the  cross- 
examination,  where  the  questions 
were  more  searching,  no  question  I 
asked,  whatever  its  form,  ever 
caused  him  to  vary  one  particle 
from  what  he  had  already  stated. 
For  instance,  when  White,  as  proof 
of  his  having  made  the  long  canon 
journey,  related  to  me  so  confident- 
ly and  in  detail  how  he  had  passed 
the  mouth  of  the  Green  River,  the 
San  Juan,  the  Little  Colorado,  and 
that  he  had  travelled  on  his  raft  550 
miles,  I  was  convinced,  from  what 
he  had  already  told  me,  that  he  had 
not  gotten  these  supposed  facts  and 
names  from  his  own  knowledge,  but 
I  did  not  ask  him — "Who  told  you 
that?"  Not  at  all.  I  asked  him  in 
every  instance,  "How  did  you  know 
it  was  the  Green,  the  Little  Colo- 
rado, and  that  you  had  travelled  550 
miles?"  His  invariable  answer  was 
truthful  and  sincere,  "I  didn't  know 
it  then,  Gen.  Palmer  told  me  after- 
wards." 

To  accept  only  a  part  of  a  wit- 
ness's testimony  and  reject  all  the 
rest  is  perfectly  proper,  and  is  in 
accord  with  the  rules  of  evidence. 
Never  mind  how  honest  or  dishonest 
a  witness  may  be,  if  each  of  his 
statements  can  be  proved  or  dis- 
proved by  known  and  accepted 
facts,  or  by  unanswerable  scientific 
deductions,  we  are  compelled  to  be- 


lieve the  one  and  reject  the  other. 
Thus,  when  White  told  me  that  on  a 
certain  night,  fixed  as  to  date  by 
the  known  day  he  arrived  at  Call- 
ville  and  his  claim  that  he  was  on 
the  river  fourteen  days,  that  on  that 
night  he  was  at  the  mouth  of  Green 
River,  and  standing  50  feet  above  the 
water,  he  could  "see  out  all  over  the 
mesa",  by  the  light  of  the  moon,  I  am 
bound  to  reject  the  whole  statement 
for  these  two  reasons.  At  the  mouth 
of  the  Green,  the  solid  canon  walls 
stand  some  1500  feet  high,  cut- 
ting off  all  view  of  any  mesa  even 
by  daylight,  and  a  little  astronomi- 
cal calculation  shows  that  on  that 
date,  in  1867,  there  was  no  jnoon- 
light  at  all. 

Furthermore,  he  said  that  on  a 
certain  day  at  a  certain  place  far- 
ther down,  but  well  up  in  the  Grand 
Canon  (by  Dr.  Parry's  dates  and 
White's  statement) ,  he  left  his  camp 
very  early  and  by  moonlight,  while 
astronomy  says  no  moon  shone  at 
that  time.  Also,  as  proof  that  he 
had  gone  through  the  "Big  Canon", 
he  stated  that  on  his  raft  trip,  on  the 
"twelfth  day"  he  saw  the  flag  pole 
erected  by  the  first  steamboat  that 
came  up  the  river,  and  in  his  letter 
of  1917,  in  Dawson's  pamphlet 
(page  42),  he  repeats  this  in  these 
words :  "While  floating  in  the  moon- 
light [this  time  on  the  thirteenth 
day] ,  I  saw  a  pole  sticking  between 
two  large  rocks,  which  I  afterwards 
learned  the  Government  had  placed 
there  some  years  before,  as  the  end 
of  its  journey." 

Not  one  of  these  statements  is  a 
willful  untruth.  He  undoubtedly 
saw  all  of  these  things,  and  most 
probably  by  moonlight,  but  the  fal- 
sity of  them  consists  in  fixing  the 
time  and  place  when  and  where  he 
saw  them,  and  using  this  as  proof 
that  he  made  the  550  mile  river 
journey.  He  claims  to  have  seen  the 
flag  pole  on  the  twelfth  or  thirteenth 


8 


THE  TRAIL 


day  of  his  raft  trip,  when,  in  fact, 
that  flag  pole  was  erected  some  five 
miles  below  Callville,  and  he  says  he 
landed  at  Callville  on  the  "four- 
teenth day".  The  solution  of  this 
last  error  is  that  he  saw  the  flag 
pole  on  one  of  his  subsequent  trips 
between  Callville  and  Fort  Mojave 
and  very  probably  by  moonlight  too, 
and  he  has  confused  the  time  and 
place  in  his  mind  and  coupled  them 
with  his  raft  journey.  The  big  canon 
he  had  in  mind  was  the  Black  Canon 
— the  biggest  one  he  ever  saw  (as  I 
shall  show)  and  it  is  a  big  canon, 
and  so  appeared  to  Lieutenant  Ives, 
and  the  artist  Egloffstein  who 
showed  it  immensely  large  in  his 
marvelous  pictures  ten  years  before 
White's  time. 

In  this  same  manner,  I  have  ana- 
lyzed everything  White  has  said  or 
written,  that  I  have  been  able  to 
find  on  record,  from  his  letter  to  his 
brother,  September  26th,  1867,  his 
interview  with  Dr.  Parry,  about  Jan- 
uary 1st,  1868,  his  interview  with 
me,  September  23d,  1907,  on  down 
to  his  last  written  statements  of 
1917,  printed  in  Dawson's  pamph- 
let. By  this  same  method  everyone 
of  his  personal  experiences  on  the 
river,  and  his  real  knowledge  of 
what  he  saw,  the  truth  of  which 
does  not  depend  upon  time  and 
place,  is  shown  to  be  absolutely  cor- 
rect. 

Old  Documents  Found. 

Second,  I  have  gathered  many  old 
letters  on  the  subject,  especially 
those  written  by  the  men  who  were 
at  Callville  and  met  and  talked  with 
White  on  his  arrival.  With  two  ex- 
ceptions, they  are  the  originals,  in 
the  handwriting  of  their  authors. 
Included  among  these  are  some  from 
Hardy,  Grandin,  Adams  and  Till- 
man— ^the  last  named  being  the  man 
who  took  White  off  his  raft — and 
when  analyzed  in  the  same  way, 
these  letters  disprove  almost  every 


conclusion  Dawson  draws  from  the 
statements  of  some  of  these  same 
men  as  quoted  by  Major  Calhoun,  as 
being  any  evidence  and  proof  that 
White  did  make  the  long  500  mile 
canon  raft  trip. 

Third,  after  some  search,  I  had  in 
my  possession  for  some  time,  and 
had  it  photographed,  the  original  in 
his  own  handwriting  of  White's  now 
famous  letter  to  his  brother  of  1867. 
A  short  discussion  of  this  will  fol- 
low. 

Fourth,  after  a  much  longer 
search,  I  found,  got  into  my  posses- 
sion, and  also  had  it  photographed, 
the  very  paper  on  which  Dr.  Parry 
wrote  his  original  notes  of  his  first 
interview  with  White  at  Hardyville, 
Arizona,  about  January  1st,  1868. 
Parry's  report  is  dated  January  6th, 
1868.  This  was  my  most  valuable 
find,  for  now  we  know  just  what 
White  told  the  Doctor  at  that  early 
day. 

This  document  discloses  a  fact, 
which,  even  with  my  long  condem- 
nation of  Dr.  Parry's  fanciful  tale, 
I  had  never  dreamed  could  be  pos- 
sible; which  is,  that  Dr.  Parry  did 
not  report  to  General  Palmer  all 
White  told  him  of  his  river  trip,  al- 
though he  did  report  many  things 
White  never  could  have  told  him, 
and  which  are  not  recorded  in  the 
notes.  The  fact  which  White  related 
and  is  recorded  in  the  notes  and  for 
some  unexplained  reason  Dr.  Parry 
left  out  of  his  report,  when  under- 
stood by  the  facts  stated  by  Major 
J.  W.  Powell  about  a  year  and  a 
half  later,  is  one  of  the  strongest 
proofs  that  White  never  floated  on 
his  raft  a  single  mile  on  the  Colo- 
rado River  above  the  Grand  Wash 
Cliffs.  It  will  be  fully  explained  in 
tte  due  season. 

All  these  documents,  together 
with  a  hundred  or  so  other  reports, 
diaries,  notes,  letters  and  facts  con- 
sidered as  one,  analyzed  and  tried 


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by  the  rules  of  evidence  and  the 
facts  of  nature  and  science,  are  given 
in  full  in  the  manuscript  I  have 
written. 

It  is  on  such  real  evidence,  and 
not  on  the  opinions  of  others,  nor 
my  own,  that  I  have  been  compelled 
to  form  my  final  conclusions  as  they 
are.  All  this  evidence  in  the  case 
can  not  be  given  here,  for  it  would 
require  perhaps  300  pages  of  the 
size  of  The  Trail.  I  do  not  ask  any- 
one to  accept  all  my  conclusions, 
simply  because  I  state  them  in  this 
summary,  without  seeing  the  full 
evidence  of  proof,  but  this  much  I 
think  I  have  the  right  to  expect — 
that  is,  that  the  reader  shall  accept 
every  quotation  I  have  made,  and 
shall  make  from  these  documents 
as  correctly  quoted,  even  if  in  some 
cases,  for  brevity's  sake,  they  are 
paraphrased ;  especially  in  view  of 
the  fact  that  I  have  promised  Mr. 
Dawson,  if  I  am  unable  to  publish 
my  book,  that  I  will  have  a  com- 
plete typewritten  copy  of  my  manu- 
script, including  my  review  of  his 
1917  pamphlet,  deposited  with  the 
Historical  Society  of  Denver,  where 
anyone  can  verify  each  quotation 
and  its  bearing  by  chapter,  para- 
graph and  line. 

The  Evidence  Offered  for  White. 

Before  giving  a  part  of  the  con- 
vincing evidence,  as  I  consider  it, 
which  disproves  Dr.  Parry's  story, 
allow  me  a  moment  or  two  to  con- 
sider some  few  points  in  the  1917 
pamphlet  and  the  more  recent  ar- 
ticle in  your  February  issue,  both  of 
them  by  Mr.  Dawson. 

In  your  Editorial  Note^,  you  state 
that  the  article  "is  practically  a  con- 
tinuation" of  his  1917  pamphlet. 
You  are  correct,  for  it  is  written 
with  the  same  kind  of  faith  and  lack 
of  information  as  the  pamphlet  was. 
About  one  half  of  that  pamphlet, 
particiilarly  Mr.  Dawson's  argu- 
ment, was  made  up  of  mere  asser- 


tions, without  a  single  fact  or  par- 
ticle of  real  evidence  given  to  up- 
hold them.  The  balance  was  nothing 
but  personal  opinions,  generally 
based  on  want  of  knowledge,  to- 
gether with  some  facts  which  no  one 
denies  who  is  acquainted  with  the 
subject.  Only  a  few  examples  can 
be  given  here  to  uphold  my  state- 
ment and  to  show  how  untrust- 
worthy is  nearly  all  the  "evidence" 
offered  for  the  Parry-White  story. 
Would  that  you  had  the  space  to 
publish  my  full  review  of  the 
pamphlet. 

In  the  later  article,  in  The  Trail, 
page  6,  speaking  of  the  character 
of  certain  letters  I  wrote  him  criti- 
cising his  pamphlet,  Dawson  says: 
"Mr.  Stanton  going  to  the  extent 
of  intimating  'motives'  on  my  part." 
I  plead  guilty  to  the  charge.  And, 
judging  from  information  received 
since — furnished  by  Dawson  himself 
— I  feel  satisfied  that  I  was  justified 
in  what  I  said.   The  case  was  this : 

In  the  pamphlet,  trying  to  prove 
that  Major  Calhoun  did  meet  and 
talk  with  White,  which  he  said  he 
did,  while  it  was  always  understood, 
and  shown  later,  that  Calhoun  never 
met  White;  and  that  the  only  one 
of  General  Palmer's  party  who  did 
meet  him,  at  Hardyville,  Arizona, 
about  January  1st,  1868,  was  Dr. 
Parry — Dawson  says  on  page  37: 
"Parry  claims  no  such  exclusiveness 
for  his  interview,  but  he  fails  to 
mention  the  presence  of  others 
when  it  took  place.  He  does  say, 
however,  [Parry  says]  that  White 
was  brought  to  Mojave  that  *  we 
[Dawson's  italics]  might  see  and 
talk  to  him.'  'we',  not  T." 

When  Mr.  Frederick  S.  Dellen- 
baugh  and  I  read  this,  we  both 
wrote  to  Mr.  Dawson  asking  him 
where  he  found' the  quotation  in  Dr. 
Parry's  writings.  He  replied  August 
21st  and  25th,  1917,  that  it  was 
taken  from  Dr.  Bell's  book  and  gave 


10 


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the  exact  page,  that  is,  it  was  not 
from  Dr.  Parry's  writings,  but  from 
the  chapter  written  by  Major  Cal- 
houn, where  the  statement  is  made 
as  his  own,  and  not  attributed  to  Dr. 
Parry!  Then,  in  his  letter,  Dawson 
gives  his  reason  for  changing  the 
name  of  the  author  of  his  quotation 
and  unqualifiedly  stating  in  the 
pamphlet  that  Dr.  Parry  said  it,  giv- 
ing his  reason  in  these  words:  "The 
explanation  is  this,  if  y'ou  really 
care  to  know  it:  Dr.  Bell  says  [in 
his  book,  in  1870],  that  Calhoun 
wrote  the  chapter  from  notes  taken 
by  Parry;  but  I  believe  that  he 
wrote  largely  on  his  own  authority. 
That  was  my  position  when  I  wrote 
the  pamphlet,  and  is  my  position 
still."  Which  can  mean  nothing  else 
than,  doubting  the  accuracy  of  Dr. 
Bell's  knowledge,  he,  on  his  unsup- 
ported opinion,  changed  the  names 
with  some  motive  in  mind,  since  on 
another  page  of  the  same  pamphlet 
he  quotes  the  same  passage,  and  this 
time,  apparently,  not  having  the 
same  object  in  view,  he  rightly 
credits  it  to  Major  Calhoun. 

With  this  letter  in  mind,  I  was  not 
so  much  surprised  to  read,  on  page 
13  of  his  recent  article,  a  much 
clearer  and  more  candid  confession, 
where,  referring  to  the  incident  and 
giving  the  quotation  I  called  in  ques- 
tion (not  literally  but  in  a  very  free 
paraphrase  in  his  own  words),  he 
says:  "If  the  Doctor  [Parry]  had 
used  the  expression,  it  would  have 
gone  far  toward  showing  that  other 
members  of  the  surveying  party 
than  himself  had  seen  and  talked 
with  White.  /  confess  that  was  my 
object,  but  I  was  not  so  strongly  con- 
trolled by  it  as  to  make  deliberate 
misrepresentation  for  that  purpose, 
and  I  take  this  opportunity  to  say 
the  statement  should  have  been  at- 
tributed to  Calhoun  and  not  to  Par- 
ry".  And  why,  then,  wasn't  it? 

It  would  seem  to  me,  the  only 


question  on  this  point  now  is — how 
strongly  he  had  to  be  controlled  to 
do  what  he  did? 

As  an  example  of  mere  assertion, 
and  not  upheld  by  any  evidence 
whatever  and  made  without  investi- 
gation for  the  purpose  of  getting  at 
the  truth,  take  the  following : 

In  your  Editorial  Note,  you  quote 
Mr.  Dawson  as  giving  one  of  his 
reasons  why  he  wrote  his  pamphlet, 
and  referring  to  the  fact  that  Dr. 
Parry's  account  was  printed  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Academy  of 
Science  of  St.  Louis,  he  says: 
"I  concluded  that  a  man  [White] 
who  could  gain  access  to  the 
pages  of  this  scientific  publication 
was  entitled  to  more  attention 
than  he  had  received."  In  his 
pamphlet,  Dawson  goes  much  far- 
ther. On  page  7,  referring,  as  the 
context  shows,  to  the  same  Academy, 
he  says:  "Later  more  formal  ac- 
counts appeared  and  in  at  least  one 
instance,  the  achievement  [White's 
journey]  received  official  recogni- 
tion from  an  organized  body  of 
scientific  men." 

It  was  not  White,  nor  even  Dr. 
Parry  who  gained  the  access,  but 
the  paper,  so  I  am  informed,  was 
furnished  by  Mr.  J.  D.  Perry,  Presi- 
dent Union  Pacific  R.  R.,  Eastern 
Division;  that,  however,  is  unim- 
portant. But,  is  it  possible  that  "an 
old  newspaper  man"  is  so  totally 
unacquainted  with  the  rules  and  cus- 
toms of  scientific  societies  as  to  make 
such  a  palpably  misleading  asser- 
tion as  that  quoted  above? 

The  simple  publication  in  the 
Transactions  of  such  a  Society  of  a 
paper,  historical,  scientific,  or  what 
not,  does  not  carry  with  it  any  "of- 
ficial recognition"  of  any  achieve- 
ments therein  described,  nor  of  any 
supposed  facts  stated,  nor  of  any 
opinions  expressed  by  the  writer — 
be  he  a  member  of  the  Society  or 
not.  Many  societies  publish  monthly 


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11 


a  warning  to  that  effect.  The  Acad- 
emy in  question  has  never  done  so, 
but  there  lies  before  me  a  letter 
from  an  officer  of  the  Academy  in 
which  is  stated  that,  for  obvious  rea- 
sons, the  same  rule  has  been  in  force 
ever  since  the  Academy  was  organ- 
ized, and  that  no  action,  official  or 
otherwise,  was  taken  on  the  contents 
of  Dr.  Parry's  paper,  nor  had  any 
member  on  account  of  the  Academy, 
ever  made  any  investigation  into  the 
truth  of  the  "achievement"  de- 
scribed, so  far  as  any  records  can 
be  found. 

And  yet  we  are  asked  to  accept 
such  unfounded  assertions  as  evi- 
dence in  support  of  the  White  story, 
and  many,  many  persons  do,  simply 
because  they  are  made  in  a  so-called 
"Government  Publication"  and  writ- 
ten by  an  officer  of  the  U.  S.  Senate. 
Such  "evidence"  does  carry  weight 
with  the  uninformed,  and  of  such  is 
about  ninety  per  cent  of  all  the  evi- 
dence offered  in  the  pamphlet.  In 
this  case  a  two  cent  stamp  and  a 
simple  request  would  have  saved 
Mr.  Dawson  from  such  a  blunder. 

To  uphold  my  declaration  that 
many  of  the  writers  who  discuss  the 
White  story,  do  so  with  a  sad  lack 
of  knowledge  of  the  Colorado  River 
and  its  canons,  I  must  refer  once 
more  to  the  1917  pamphlet.  On  page 
5,  Dawson  says  that  White,  entering 
the  head  of  the  canon,  "found  him- 
self locked  within  its  walls  and  he 
continued  to  the  end  because  he 
found  no  means  of  escape  from  its 
compelling  embrace" !  Supporting 
this  assertion  of  his  own,  he  quotes 
(page  32)  from  an  unsigned  news- 
paper article — "One  of  White's  wit- 
nesses"— as  follows:  "Anxiously  he 
[White]  watched  for  some  avenue 
of  escape,  some  crevice  or  fissure 
in  the  adamantine  walls  which  con- 
fined him,  but  there  was  none.*'  Of 
course,  in  1868,  when  this  article 
was  written,  neither  the  writer,  nor 


anyone  else,  knew  anything  of  the 
interior  of  the  great  canons,  except 
at  the  mouths  of  Diamond  and  Cat- 
aract Creeks — not  Cataract  Canon 
— and  the  last  twenty-five  miles  of 
the  Grand  Canon.  What  I  am  com- 
plaining of  is  that  anyone  in  a  serious 
argument,  in  1917,  should  offer  such 
sheer  nonsense  as  "evidence"  when 
a  little  examination  of  the  U.  S.  Geo- 
logical Survey  maps,  or  a  single  let- 
ter to  anyone  of  us  who  know  some 
little  about  those  canons,  would 
have  shown  its  total  inaccuracy. 

The  truth  is,  there  are  many 
places  not  so  many  miles  apart  all 
through  the  canons  of  compara- 
tively easy  egress,  through  side 
canons  and  break  downs.  Some  of 
these,  in  the  185  miles  of  Glen  Canon 
and  at  Lees  Ferry  are  as  easy  as 
walking  from  lower  Denver  up  Cap- 
itol Hill,  as  it  was  when  I  first  knew 
it  in  1880,  And  even  in  Marble  and 
Grand  Canons,  where  the  ways  out 
are  more  difficult,  I  have  climbed 
out  a  number  of  them  without 
trails  of  any  kind,  and  through  one 
such  we  carried  a  wounded  man  on 
a  stretcher.  It  is  true  that  in  places, 
of  more  or  less  miles  in  length,  there 
are  no  such  openings  and  some  side 
canons  that  look  well  at  first  are 
practically  impassable.  In  the  pam- 
phlet there  are  a  dozen  or  two 
more  of  just  such  dogmatic  asser- 
tions, founded  on  nothing  except 
ignorance  of  the  river  and  its  can- 
ons, and  we  are  asked  to  believe 
them  all  as  evidence  and  proof  that 
White  made  the  long  canon  jour- 
ney! 

The  1919  Article  in  The  Trail. 

The  more  recent  article  in  your 
February  number,  where  Mr.  Daw- 
son introduces  some  "substantiating 
testimony,"  illustrates  clearly  my 
other  contention  that  the  larger  part 
of  the  testimony  in  favor  lof  the 
White  story  comes  from  witnesses 
who  are  either  incompetent  to  tes- 


12 


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tify,  their  testimony  irrelevant,  or 
else  nothing  more  than  personal 
opinion,  generally  .formed  on  lack 
of  information. 

The  first  testimony  offered  is  a 
letter  from  Captain  J.  A.  Mellon.  I 
have  known  "Captain  Jack"  person- 
ally for  now  thirty  years,  first  on 
his  steamboat  on  the  Colorado,  and 
later  lived  in  his  home  town  in  Cali- 
fornia for  several  years,  besides  cor- 
responding with  him  on  Colorado 
River  subjects.  I  have  nothing  but 
love  and  respect  for  Captain  Mellon, 
and  in  my  history  of  steamboating 
on  the  Lower  Colorado  he  has  a  place 
in  that  little  band  of  heroes  who  did 
so  much  with  their  steamboats,  / 
half  a  century  or  more  ago,  to  build 
up  an  empire  in  our  Southwest.  And 
yet,  with  all  due  respect,  I  am  com- 
pelled to  show  that  the  letter  Daw- 
son prints  contains  not  one  particle 
of  admissable  evidence  or  testimony 
to  the  correctness  of  the  White  story. 

What  the  letter  shows  is  simply 
this:  that  Captain  Mellon  has  an 
opinion  on  the  subject  and  has  ex- 
pressed it. 

I  believe  that  it  a  well  established 
rule  in  court  proceedings  that  before 
the  mere  opinion  of  a  witness  can  be 
received  as  evidence,  he  must  qualify 
as  an  expert  in  the  case.  Dawson,  it 
would  seem,  attempts  to  do  this  for 
his  witness.  On  page  6,  he  says: 
"and  there  is  probably  no  man  liv- 
ing who  knows  the  Colorado  as  he 
knows  it,"  and  following  the  letter 
asks  this  question :  "Aside  from  the 
testimony  of  some  one  who  had  come 
through  with  White,  what  could  be 
more  convincing  than  this  letter 
from  Captain  Mellon?" 

If  Mr.  Dawson  had  confined  his 
first  statement  to  the  Lower  Colo- 
rado— below  all  of  the  great  canons 
—I  would  agree  with  him  absolute- 
ly, but  to  apply  it  to  the  whole  river, 
as  he  does,  is  simply  incoffiprehen- 
sible< 


What  does  Captain  Mellon  say? 
This,  and  nothing  more :  "I  have 
been  seventy-five  miles  higher  up 
the  river  than  was  supposed  to  be 
navigable;  that  brings  you  to  Rio 
Virgin,  twenty-five  miles  above  Call- 
ville."  He  does  not  claim  to  have 
seen  one  mile,  nor  to  have  any  per- 
sonal knowledge  of  the  river,  above 
the  Virgin,  nor  did  he  ever  so  claim 
in  his  conversations  with,  or  letters 
to  me.  On  the  evidence  submitted, 
then,  he  is  not  competent  as  an  ex- 
pert to  give  his  mere  opinion  on  the 
500  miles  of  the  canon  portion  of  the 
Colorado,  and  therefore,  his  unsup- 
ported opinion  is  worthless  as  evi- 
dence in  any  court. 

Captain  Mellon  undoubtedly 
formed  his  opinion  from  his  ex- 
periences on  the  lower  Colorado,  or 
from  hear-say,  when  he  compares 
the  chances  of  White's  raft  and  Ma- 
jor Powell's  boats  in  running  the 
rapids  in  the  great  canons.  He  says 
of  the  Boulder  and  Black  canons, 
below  the  Virgin,  and  which  he 
knew  thoroughly:  "There  are  some 
pretty  heavy  rapids"  in  them.  For 
his  big  steamboat,  of  course,  that  is 
correct;  but  those  rapids  are  to  the 
really  big  rapids  in  the  Cataract, 
Marble  and  Grand  Canons,  about  as 
a  ripple  on  a  canal  is  to  the  Whirl- 
pool Rapids  below  Niagara,  with  a 
thousand  times  more  exposed  boul- 
ders in  them,  which  must  be  steered 
by,  in  almost  every  case,  or  the  Nav- 
igator meets  destruction  and  meets 
it  suddenly. 

Through  most  of  these  great  rap- 
ids in  the  upper  Canons,  there  is  a 
channel  between  the  rocks,  almost 
always  crooked  and  sometimes  in 
the  shape  of  a  letter  S.  Through 
these  tortuous  channels  Major  Pow- 
ell's and  my  boats  were  guided  by 
expert  steersmen,  though  not  always 
without  accident,  usually  caused  by 
"side  waves  and  fountains",  as  we 
call  them,  and,  to  use  the  argument 


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13 


of  probability,  White's  raft,  with  no 
means  of  guiding,  would  have  been 
dashed  against  the  rocks  hundreds 
of  times  (if  it  had  kept  on  going), 
broken  up,  the  pieces  and  White 
himself — or  his  dead  body — carried 
into  the  whirlpools  and  eddies  and 
held  there  for  weeks,  months  and 
may  be  years. 

Pardon  me,  please ;  but  this  is  a 
qualified  expert's  opinion,  for  I  have 
seen  rafts,  logs,  boats,  men,  and 
dead  bodies  treated  in  exactly  that 
manner  by  the  pitiless  Colorado — 
many,  many  times.  Captain  Mellon, 
himself  confirms  this  opinion  when 
telling  of  the  unguided  railroad  ties. 
Some  of  them  took  five  years  to  get 
out  of  the  eddies  and  come  through ! 

My  good  friend  Captain  Jack  is 
getting  old,  and  I  fear  his  memory 
must  be  failing,  or  else  Flavell  was 
more  boastful  to  him  than  he  was  to 
others,  when  the  Captain  says  of 
Flavell's  successful  trip  down  the 
Colorado  in  1896:  "Clark  never  got 
out  of  his  boat  in  any  of  the  rapids — 
he  ran  every  one  of  them." 

I  first  knew  of  George  F.  Flavell's 
trip  (he  is  sometimes  called  "Clark") 
by  two  of  my  river  assistants  meet- 
ing him  on  his  way  down  Green 
River  in  1896,  before  he  entered  the 
Colorado.  Later  on,  from  Lees  Fer- 
ry and  below,  Flavell  wrote  to  His- 
lop  and  Edwards  telling  of  his  pro- 
gress and,  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Virgin,  wrote  to  me  telling  of  his 
success. 

All  of  these  letters  lie  before  me 
on  my  desk.  In  them  Flavell  tells 
the  number  and  exact  location  of  all 
the  rapids  HE  DID  NOT  RUN,  and 
around  which  he  portaged  and  let 
down  by  lines,  and  the  number  of 
times  his  boat  "got  stove  in"  against 
the  rocks  and  had  to  be  repaired 
and  rebuilt!  Therefore,  Flavell's 
trip  is  no  more  an  "invaluable  argu- 
ment in  support  of  White",  as  Daw- 
son  says   on   page   7,   than   Major 


Powell's  and  mine  are,  since  all 
three  of  us  had  exactly  the  same  ex- 
periences, more  or  less.  Captain  Mel- 
Ion's  memory  and  unsupported 
opinion  to  the  contrary  notwith- 
standing. 

What  then,  in  all  fairness,  is  the 
value  of  my  good  friend  Captain 
Jack's  letter  as  evidence  or  testi- 
mony in  favor  of  Dr.  Parry's  claim 
for  White,  or  what  is  the  value  of 
Dawson's  opinion — "I  regard  the 
Mellon  letter  as  one  of  the  strongest 
possible  proofs  of  the  absolute  truth 
of  White's  narrative"?  And  yet 
there  are  many  who  believe  such 
"evidence"  and  positively  asserted 
opinions,  because  they  have  no 
knowledge  of  the  true  facts,  and 
the  writers  do  not  give  them. 

The  next  substantiating  testimony 
offered  in  the  article  are  quotations 
from  letters  from  Dr.  William  A. 
Bell.  There  is  not  a  man  who  has 
ever  discussed  the  White  story,  for 
whom  I  have  a  greater  admiration 
or  higher  regard  than  Dr.  Bell.  I 
have  never  met  him  in  person,  but 
have  had  considerable  correspond- 
ence with  him  on  the  subject  of 
White's  trip  during  1907  and  '08 
and  1917  and  '18.  It  was  I  who  sent 
him  his  first  copy  of  Dawson's 
pamphlet.  And  immediately  on  his 
return  from  Trinidad  he  wrote  me 
quite  a  full  account  of  his  visit  and 
talk  with  White.  Later,  he  wrote 
me  everything  Dawson  quotes  from 
him,  and  almost  in  the  exact  same 
words — and  much  more. 

After  giving  Dr.  Bell's  outline  of 
White's  trip,  in  which  he  starts  him 
some  forty  miles  above  the  mouth 
of  the  San  Juan  River,  Dawson  re- 
marks: "It  would  seem  that  even 
Stanton  might  accept  the  Canyon 
trip  as  the  Doctor  outlines  it."  I  will 
give  my  reasons  why  that  is  im- 
possible. 

In  1917,  I  sent  Dr.  Bell  my  full 
White  manuscript  including  my  long 


14 


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interview,  Dr.  Parry's  original  notes 
and  my  analysis  of  them,  and  my 
complete  review  of  Dawson's  pam- 
phlet and  he  is  the  only  man — 
whether  friend  or  opponent  of  the 
White  story — who  has  read  the  com- 
plete document.  Many  earnest  let- 
ters passed  between  us  in  discussing 
it.  The  doctor  retained  some  of  my 
manuscript  for  months,  finally  re- 
turning it,  he  wrote  me  his  conclu- 
sions under  date  of  February  21st, 
1918.  His  letter  began:  "You  have 
taken  infinite  pains  to  show  how  un- 
trustworthy is  the  evidence  that 
White  passed  through  the  whole 
length  of  the  canons  of  the  Colora- 
do." He  then  discussed  some  points, 
took  me  to  task,  quite  severely,  for 
the  "tone"  of  my  writing  and  the 
severity  of  my  criticisms,  and  con- 
cluded his  letter  in  these  words: 
"You  may  think  me  very  inconsist- 
ent, and  you  may  criticise  me  sev- 
erely in  your  usual  way,  when  I  say 
that  the  fact  that  none  of  those  who 
have  themselves  passed  through  the 
canons  of  the  Colorado,  believe,  so 
far  as  I  know,  that  White  could  pos- 
sibly have  got  through  on  the  rafts 
from — say  the  San  Juan  to  Callville, 
carries  great  weight  to  my  mind.  If 
we  leave  out  Cataract  Canon  and 
start  him  off  below  the  mouth  of  the 
San  Juan,  he  would  scarcely  make 
light  of  all  the  rapids  save  one.  In 
Powell's  short  report,  I  republished 
in  1870,  he  mentions  falls  twenty 
and  twenty-two  feet  high  in  the 
granite  portion,  beginning  fifteen 
miles  below  the  Chiquito.  Kolb's  ac- 
count of  his  difficulties  I  found  very 
■  instructive.  I  wish  you  had  told  us 
more  in  detail  of  the  river  for  that 

sixty  miles  above  Callville 

/  shall  tell  my  friends  in  future,  if 
they  are  interested  in  the  question, 
that  I  do  not  think  White  did  pass 
through  the  series  of  canons  he  was 
supposed  to  have  traversed,  but  that 
sufficient  evidence  is  still  lacking,  in 


my  opinion,  to  definitely  fix  his  start- 
ing point.  I  feel  that  I  have  had  ex- 
ceptional advantages  in  having  been 
permitted  to  read  your  manu- 
scripts." 

Possibly,  even  Mr.  Dawson  will 
see  now  why  I  can  not  follow  his 
suggestion — at  this  late  day. 

In  reply  to  Dr.  Bell's  exception  as 
to  the  exact  starting  point,  I  wrote 
him  that  independent  proof  of  the 
the  exact  starting  point, — ^just  as 
Dawson  has  said  of  the  supposed 
starting  point  at  the  head  of  the 
river — is  impossible  to  produce.  If 
it  were  possible,  that  one  thing 
would  settle  the  whole  question  be- 
yond dispute.  But  we  know  that 
White  was  on  the  Colorado  when  he 
arrived  at  Callville,  and  if  it  is  ad- 
mitted that  he  did  not  go  through 
the  series  of  canons,  as  Dr.  Bell  now 
admits,  then  it  is  as  true  as  a  corol- 
lery  in  mathematics  that  he  started 
on  the  river  somewhere  between  the 
lower  end  of  the  Grand  Canon  and 
Callville.  Whether  White  started  at 
Pierce's  Ferry,  which  I  think  most 
logical  from  the  proofs  I  shall  give 
shortly  as  to  where  he  was  on  the 
river,  or  at  Scanlon's  Ferry,  or  the 
gulch  lying  between  them  is  of  little 
importance. 

On  page  11  of  his  article,  Dawson 
prints  White's  letter  to  his  brother, 
of  September  26th,  1867,  and  says: 
"I  have  been  almost  accused  of 
crime  for  not  incorporating  that  let- 
ter in  my  book."  Again  I  plead  guil- 
ty to  the  charge.  The  "crimes"  I 
accused  him  of  were  bad  memory, 
inattention  to  valuable  information 
given  him,  and  want  of  careful  ob- 
servation in  preparing  his  pamphlet. 

Introducing  the  White  letter  he 
now  says:  "Since  the  appearance  of 
my  booklet,  my  attention  has  been 
called  to  the  fact  that  in  a  letter 
written  on  the  26th  of  September, 
1867,  to  a  brother  living  at  the  time 
in  Wisconsin,  White  gave,"  etc. 


THE  TRAIL 


15 


Make  particular  note  of  the  fact 
that  the  pamphlet  was  issued  about 
August  1st,  1917.  Under  date  of 
August  3rd,  Mr.  Dawson  honored 
me  with  "the  first  copy  sent  out." 

Immediately  I  wrote  him  inquir- 
ing why  such  an  important  docu- 
ment as  White's  letter  had  been  left 
out  of  the  pamphlet,  and  stating 
that  during  my  visit  to  him  at  his 
home  in  Washington  on  January 
26th,  1917,  I  had  told  him  of  that 
letter  and  where  he  could  get  a 
copy.  In  a  reply  written  August 
25th,  Mr.  Dawson  says  of  "White's 
letter,  let  me  say  that  I  remember 
very  well  our  discussion  of  that 
paper  in  the  conversation  at  my 
house,  or  rather  your  reference  to 
it;  [In  January,  seven  months  pre- 
vious.] but  I  do  not  recall  that  there 
was  any  mention  made  as  to  where 
it  could  be  obtained."  On  the  latter 
point  we  have  disagreed.  However, 
granting  that  I  did  not  tell  him  then 
that  it  had  been  printed  in  Outing, 
yet  how  can  the  following  facts,  and 
statements  made  by  Mr.  Dawson, 
given  here  in  chronological  order, 
be  accounted  for  except  by  my  ac- 
cusation of  lack  of  observation,  in- 
attention and  bad  memory?  Not 
"crimes"  in  themselves,  but  terribly 
confusing  when  trying  to  prove 
White's  claim. 

1.  In  1915,  he  discovered  the 
White  story  in  the  Rocky  Mountain 
News  (your  editorial  note)  of  Feb- 
ruary 17th,  18th,  and  19th,  1869, 
(letters  to  me)  and  in  one  of  those 
issues  White's  letter  was  printed,  but 
Mr.  Dawson  never  knew  it,  until  I 
told  him  long  after. 

2.  November  22nd,  1916,  I 
wrote  him  that  "I  had  in  my  posses- 
sion White's  original  letter,  written 
in  1867,  the  only  statement  on  the 
subject  White  ever  wrote." 

3.  January  26th,  1917,  calling 
at  his  home  in  Washington,  I  told 
him  again  and  discussed  it  and  its 


importance  as  evidence  in  the  case. 

4.  About  August  1st,  1917,  his 
pamphlet  was  published. 

5.  August  25th,  1917,  he  wrote 
me  as  quoted  above,  that  I  had  told 
him  of  White's  letter  and  we  had 
discussed  it  together  the  previous 
January,  six  months  before  the  pam- 
phlet was  issued. 

6.  August  25th,  1917,  in  the 
same  letter  as  the  last,  still  referring 
to  my  visit,  he  says :  "I  knew  of  the 
document  [White's  letter]  as  hav- 
ing been  published  in  a  Wisconsin 
paper,  and  had  made  every  effort  I 
could  to  get  hold  of  it,  but  without 
success." 

7.  In  his  article  in  the  Trail  of 
February,  1919,  (page  11)  he  says 
his  attention  was  [first,  of  course] 
called  to  White's  letter — "Since  the 
appearance  of  my  booklet." 

8.  .  And  in  the  same  article,  Feb. 
1919,  referring  to  the  time  when  the 
pamphlet  was  issued — August  1917 
— "I  can  only  say  that  at  that  time 
I  did  not  know  of  the  existence  of  the 
letter." 

You,  Mr.  Editor,  may  think  all 
this  is  of  no  importance,  still  this 
same  want  of  observation,  inatten- 
tion and  bad  memory  and  unsup- 
ported assertions,  running  all 
through  his  writings  on  the  White 
story  compel  me,  as  Dr.  Bell  says, 
"to  show  how  untrustworthy  is  the 
evidence  that  White  passed  through 
the  whole  length  of  the  canons  of 
the  Colorado",  in  order  that  you  and 
your  readers  may  be  warned  to  be 
careful  in  accepting  that  story  until 
you  inquire  into  the  alleged  facts 
on  which  it  is  asserted — and  in  most 
cases  only  asserted — to  be  founded. 

This  is  my  excuse  for  detaining 
you  so  long  before  giving  my  prom- 
ised evidence  on  the  other  side  of 
the  case. 

White's  letter,  of  1867,  was  writ- 
ten when  he  was  thirty  years  old. 
As  I  have  said,  he  had  had  almost 


16 


THE  TRAIL 


no  education,  the  grammar  is  bad, 
and  the  spelling  is  pitiful,  but  this 
in  no  way  reflects  on  his  honesty. 
However,  to  understand  the  letter 
correctly  it  must  be  read  in  its  ori- 
ginal spelling.  Two  marked  instan- 
ces of  this  necessity  will  be  given 
later.  The  translation  into  "correct 
English"  given  in  the  late  article  by 
Dawson  is  generally  accurate,  with 
the  exception  of  one  real  error  and 
four  omissions,  two  of  which  are 
whole  sentences  left  out!  All  but 
one  may  be  freaks  of  your  Printer's 
Devil.  About  that  one,  I  beg  leave 
to  ask  a  question. 

Why  was  the  heading  of  the  let- 
ter omitted  when  Dawson  published 
it?  It  is  a  genuine  part  of  the  letter 
and  written  by  White.  If  the  letter 
had  been  copied  from  the  Rocky 
Mountain  News  of  1869,  the  head- 
ing would  not  have  been  found,  but 
Dawson  says:  "The  only  copy  I  have 
is  one  printed  in  the  Outing  Maga- 
zine for  April,  1907,  which  purports 
to  be  a  photographic  reproduction 
of  the  original."  It  is;  and  the 
heading  is  there,  is  on  the  original 
and  on  the  photograph  of  it  which 
I  had  taken.  Again,  why  was  it 
omitted,  since  it  is  the  one  and  only 
statement  by  White,  before  he  met 
Dr.  Parry  or  at  their  interview, 
known  to  exist,  so  far  as  I  have  been 
able  to  find,  in  which  he  makes  the 
even  seemingly  direct  claim  that  he 
traversed  the  Grand  Canon?  On  this 
point  I  can  only  say  that  under  date 
of  August  29th,  1917,  I  wrote  and 
called  Mr.  Dawson's  special  atten- 
tion to  the  heading  and  cautioned 
him  to  be  careful  and  not  be  mis- 
led by  it,  for  White  never  wrote  that 
heading  of  his  own  volition.  Does 
this  explain  why  it  was  omitted? 

Here  is  the  Heading — verbatim  et 
literatim — 

"NAVIGATION  OF  THE  BIG 

CANON         A  TERRIBLE 

VOY  AGE" 


Space  forbids  my  explaining  this 
remarkable  heading  and  its  great 
importance  as  documentary  evi- 
dence in  the  case,  further  than  to 
call  attention  to  its  uncommon 
words — uncommon  words  to  as  ig- 
norant a  man  as  White  was  at  that 
time — ^to  its  perfect  spelling,  and 
the  very  significant  separation  of 
the  word  voyage  into  two  words, 
and  suggest  that  it  be  compared 
with  the  photograph  of  the  rest  of 
the  original  letter  with  its  simple 
words  and  pitiful  spelling. 

Nor  can  I  discuss  the  letter  itself, 
but  this  much  I  will  say  in  perfect 
confidence,  and  not  as  a  mere  as- 
sertion, for  the  proofs  are  all  given 
in  my  larger  manuscript:  There  is 
not  a  single  item  in  the  whole  let- 
ter including  the  heading,  that  up- 
holds Dr.  Parry's  claim  that  White 
floated  from  Grand  River,  the  San 
Juan  River,  or  anywhere  near  them, 
through  all  the  great  canons ;  while 
on  the  other  hand,  there  is  one  state- 
ment in  it  which,  when  read  in  the 
original  copy  and  in  connection  with 
Dr.  Parry's  original  notes,  my  inter- 
view and  White's  own  accounts  in 
Dawson's  pamphlet,  proves  that  he 
did  not.  This  last  will  be  given  in 
a  moment. 
The  Direct  Evidence  and  Testimony. 

I  shall  give  now  a  very  few  of 
the  proofs,  and  only  a  small  part  of 
the  evidence  which  I  have  gat(h- 
ered,  which  I  believe  dispose  of  Dr. 
Parry's  story.  These  have  come  from 
a  score  of  different  sources,  but, 
for  brevity's  sake  in  this  synopsis, 
I  shall  confine  myself  to  a  single  wit- 
ness, sustaining  his  testimony  by  un- 
disputed facts  and  documents,  and 
corroborating  it  by  witnesses  whom 
no  one  will  doubt,  and  in  the  manner 
already  explained.  That  one  wit- 
ness— is  James  White  himself. 

In  this  short  summary,  it  is  im- 
possible to  consider  all  the  minor 
points  that  have  been  in   dispute, 


THE  TRAIL 


17 


such  as  the  "overland  journey", 
where  Baker  was  killed,  where 
White  started  on  the  river,  how  he 
consumed  fourteen  days  in  his  trip, 
etc.,  etc.  All  these,  and  many  more, 
are  fully  attended  to  in  my  longer 
manuscript,  and  the  answer  to  most 
of  them  follows  as  a  corollary  if  we 
prove  that  White  did  not  go  through 
the  Grand  Canon. 

One  or  two  points  must  be  ex- 
plained in  advance.  When  I  asked 
White:  "Did  you  not  meet  a  Dr. 
Parry — Dr.  C.  C.  Parry — and  tell 
him  your  story?"  He  answered: 
"No  sir,  I  never  heard  of  him."  Gen. 
Palmer,  to  whom  he  always  re- 
ferred, being  the  head  of  the  sur- 
vey, was  much  more  prominent  and 
his  name  had  pushed  aside  entirely 
from  White's  memory  the  name  of 
his  assistant. 

He  also  told  me  that  in  the  forty 
years  from  1867  to  1907,  he  had 
never  looked  at  a  map  of  the  Colo- 
rado, nor  read  anything  about  it, 
except  the  story  of  his  own  adven- 
ture in  Gen.  Palmer's  report,  so 
that  when  I  talked  to  him  his  mind 
was  not  confused  by  any  informa- 
tion that  may  have  come  to  him 
later  than  1869,  when  he  did  meet 
Gen.  Palmer.  He  never  met  Palmer 
until  a  year  after  Parry's  story  was 
published. 

The  other  point  is:  the  expres- 
sions which  I  quote  from  White — 
"Where  I  went",  and  "where  I  was 
in  the  canon",  came  about  in  this 
way.  When  I  described  to  him  the 
true  character  of  the  walls  and  the 
river  above  the  Grand  Wash  Cliffs, 
he  being,  apparently,  convinced 
that  I  was  talking  of  some  other  lo- 
cality, would  say:  "Where  I  went" 
or  "where  I  was  in  the  canon"  this 
and  that  were  thus  and  so. 

James  White,  as  everyone  knows, 
is  the  one  and  only  eyewitness  of 
the  whole  adventure,  and  I  contend 
that  White,  even  with  his  limited 


abilities,  was  capable  of  observing 
the  general  nature  and  character  of 
the  canon  walls  and  the  character 
of  the  river  on  that  portion  of 
the  route  he  traveled  on  his  raft, 
wherever  that  portion  may  have 
been,  and,  also,  that  he  was  and  is 
perfectly  capable  of  remembering 
them,  and  describing  them  in  such 
a  manner  that  his  description  can  be 
readily  and  clearly  recognized  by 
anyone  acquainted  with  the  condi- 
tions that  do  actually  exist  in  the 
canons  and  on  the  river.  Further- 
more, that  he  is  even  more  capable 
of  remembering  clearly  and  distinct- 
ly to  his  dying  day  his  personal  phy- 
sical experiences  on  his  trip,  such  as 
come  to  every  man  going  down  the 
Colorado,  and  such  as  are  so  often 
and  so  suddenly  driven  deep  into 
one's  brain,  and  which  chill  one  to 
the  very  marrow.  All  we  of  the 
canons  have  experienced  them.  This 
I  shall  now  attempt  to  show  is  exact- 
ly what  White  has  done,  therefore 
I  have  implicit  confidence  in  his 
testimony,  when  it  is  tried  and  sifted 
by  acknowledged  facts  and  unde- 
niable science. 

The  Canon  Walls. 

White's  description  of  the  nature 
— the  geology — of  the  canon  walls, 
as  he  expressed  it  to  me — "Where  I 
was  in  the  canon",  has  been  uniform 
and  consistent  from  beginning  to 
end.  The  record  in  Parry's  original 
notes,  of  course,  was  brief,  but  Dr. 
Parry  correctly  enlarges  it  thus : 
"The  long  continued  uniformity  of 
the  geological  formation  termed 
'white  sandstone'  (probably  creta- 
ceous) is  remarkable,  but  under  this 
term  may  have  been  comprised 
some  of  the  lower  stratified  forma- 
tions."— even  Parry  makes  allowan- 
ces in  details — "The  contrast  in 
reaching  the  dark  igneous  rocks  was 
so  marked  that  it  could  not  fail  to 
be  noticed." 

To  me  White  said :  "All  the  rock 


18 


THE  TRAIL 


was  sandstone,  white  and  yellowish 
in  color,  from  the  Green  River  to 
somewhere  between  150  and  100 
miles  above  Callville.  There  the 
rock  is  darker.  I  supposed  these 
rocks  were  a  dark,  grayish  granite, 
though  I  did  not  get  out  to  examine 
them." 

Both  these  descriptions  are  not 
only  remarkable,  with  the  exception 
of  the  100  or  150  mile  distance 
which  White  had  no  means  of  know- 
ing, but  are  remarkably  correct, 
when  applied  to  that  part  of  the 
Colorado  from  below  the  Grand 
Wash  Cliffs  to  Callville,  making  the 
same  allowance  for  details  in  my 
case  as  Parry  did  in  his.  White  did 
not  distinguish  between  the  light 
colored  gravels  and  conglomerates 
standing  in  almost  verticle  walls  and 
in  benches,  all  these  to  such  a  man, 
under  such  circumstances  would  ap- 
pear white  and  yellowish  sandstone. 
He  did  thus  observe  them  and  noted 
the  fact  of  the  long  continued  gen- 
eral formations  of  the  walls  until 
he  came  to  the  "dark  igneous  rocks" 
which  do  exist  in  the  small  canons 
(though  large  to  him)  further  down 
where  the  contrast  is  so  marked  that 
it  could  not  fail  to  be  noticed.  And 
mark  you,  ye  who  know  the  Marble 
and  Grand  Canons,  he  observed  only 
one  such  change! 

Not  only  did  he  observe  them,  but 
he  remembered  them  and  reported 
them  uniformly  and  correctly  to 
two  different  men  forty  years  apart. 
In  all  fairness  then,  we  must  admit 
that  White  did  travel  that  portion, 
at  least,  which  he  so  accurately  de- 
scribed— wherever  that  portion  may 
be — for  he  could  not  have  so  de- 
scribed it  unless  he  had  seen  it. 

I  asked  him :  "How  high  were  the 
walls  in  the  canon  through  which 
you  went?"  He  answered,  "The 
walls  were  300  or  400  feet  high. 
There  were  some  higher  walls,  may- 
be, farther  back.  They  were  higher 


where  I  couldn't  see  them,  but  what 
I  saw  were  300  or  400  feet  high,  not 
over  500  feet."  He  declared  that 
the  walls  on  the  Grand  River,  just 
above  its  mouth,  were  "about  100 
feet  high",  and  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Green  "they  were  not  so  high",  and 
further  that  "the  walls  of  the  Little 
Colorado  are  not  very  high." 

Remembering  that  White  testified 
that  he  did  not  know  the  name  or 
location  of  a  single  river  he  passed 
until  Gen.  Palmer  (Dr.  Parry)  told 
him  afterwards,  these  descriptions 
of  the  height  of  the  walls  coming 
from  a  man  of  White's  intelligence, 
or  any  ordinary  man,  are  almost  ex- 
act in  every  particular,  and  locally 
correct  at  every  point  when  we  know 
where  White's  Grand,  Green  and 
Little  Colorado  Rivers  are  situated. 
Below  the  Grand  Canon  there  are 
such  streams  coming  in,  though  not 
carrying  so  much  water,  and  at  each 
point  the  walls  are  almost  exactly 
as  White  remembered  them  and  de- 
scribed them  both  in  height  and  for- 
mation. 

On  the  other  hand,  every  one  of 
the  above  descriptions,  if  applied  to 
the  great  canons  above  the  Grand 
Wash  Cliffs,  in  general  or  to  any 
particular  stretch  and  to  the  real 
rivers  named  is  singly,  totally  and 
absolutely  untrue,  not  simply  in 
"faults  of  details",  as  Mr.  Dawson 
claims,  but  entirely  so.  At  the  "Lit- 
tle Colorado"  White  says  the  walls 
are  not  very  high.  At  the  real  Little 
Colorado,  in  fact,  they  are  near 
5000  feet  high.  The  walls  of  his 
"Little  Colorado",  which  "he  knows 
comes  in  from  the  right  for  he  saw 
it" — that  is  the  Virgin — he  describes 
most  accurately.  This  will  be  ex- 
plained presently. 

On  the  fourth  day  of  his  trip — 
according  to  Dr.  Parry — White 
passed  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Colo- 
rado. The  real  conditions  along  the 
river  below  there  are,  briefly,  these ; 


THE  TRAIL 


19 


about  sixteen  miles  below  that  point 
the  granite  (balck  gneiss)  begins  to 
rise,  and  soon  reaches  a  height  of 
1,000  to  1,200  feet  in  shiny  black 
walls.  After  a  while  this  disappears. 
Below  that  are  quite  a  number  more 
of  just  such  sudden  changes  from 
red  (ftgray  to  black  and  from  black 
to  red,  gray,  or  brown  and  other  col- 
ors, "the  contrast  so  marked  that  it 
could  not  fail  to  be  noticed."  If 
White  ever  was  in  the  Grand  Canon, 
he  entered  the  first  Black  Granite 
Gorge  on  the  fourth  or  fifth  day  of 
his  trip  and  his  advocates,  from  Pal- 
mer to  Dawson,  ask  us  to  believe 
that  he  passed  through  that  and  all 
the  other  sudden  and  startling 
changes  in  the  formation  for  the 
next  260  miles  or  so,  and  never  saw 
any  of  them ;  but  did  see,  noted,  re- 
membered and  described  most  accu- 
rately the  one — and  only  one — 
marked  change  "in  the  last  two  days 
of  the  canon" ! 

This  astonishing  geological  report 
of  a  supposed  550  miles  of  travel 
given  by  Dr.  Parry,  is  found  in  his 
original  notes  in  these  exact  words : 
"Rock  in  canon — white  sandstone, 
two  days  in  foot  of  canon  volcanic", 
and  further  on,  separated  some  dis- 
tance from  the  above,  showing  that 
Parry  questioned  White  a  second 
time  on  the  rock  formation, — "same 
character  of  rock  through  the  main 
canon."  But  which  was  the  main 
canon  in  White's  mind?  "Gen.  Pal- 
mer (Dr.  PARRY)  told  me  I  had 
traveled  550  miles" ! 

It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that 
space  forbids  me  to  give  the  original 
notes  in  full,  and  show  their  mean- 
ing and  the  difference  between  them 
and  the  report  to  Gen.  Palmer.  It 
is  only  possible  to  refer  to  them  in 
a  few  instances. 

When  in  cross-examination,  I  at- 
tempted to  show  White  that  he  had 
never  seen  any  portion  of  the  great 
canons,  I  described  to  him  that  in 


Cataract  Canon  the  rock  was  mostly 
limestone  colored  dark  —  almost 
black  by  the  weather  —  and  for  185 
miles  in  Glen  Canon  is  sandstone, 
almost  all  red,  some,  at  times,  as  red 
as  fire,  and  in  Marble  Canon  lime- 
stone and  marble,  red,  white,  black, 
variagated  and  beautifully  polished 
in  places,  and  that  in  the  220  miles 
of  the  Grand  Canon  the  lower  walls 
are  black  and  red  granite  in  places, 
aggregating  some  100  miles,  with 
stretches  of  limestone  and  sandstone 
in  different  colors;  and  piled  up 
above  these  are  walls,  cliffs  and 
benches  to  heights  of  from  5000  to 
6000  feet,  and  which  are  red,  yel- 
low, purple,  green  and  flaming  scar- 
let (and  frequently  all  these  can  be 
seen  from  the  river) — and  I  said: 
"And  yet  you  tell  me  that  you  went 
down  through  all  these  different 
kinds  of  rock,  and  these  gor- 
geous colors,  some  of  them  the 
brightest  and  most  beautiful  in  the 
world,  and  never  saw  any  of  them. 
This  is  certainly  astonishing."  White 
listened  to  all  I  had  said  very  at- 
tentively, and  then  replied :  "/  donH 
know  anything  about  that,  but 
WHERE  I  WENT  the  rock  was  ALL 
white  and  yellowish  sandstone, 
down  to  near  the  lower  end  of  the 
canon,  and  the  walls  were  300  or 
400  feet  high.  General  Palmer  told 
me  the  walls  were  over  3000  feet 
high." 

And  White,  the  honest  man  that 
he  is,  told  the  exact  truth,  for  know- 
ing himself  the  nature  and  height  of 
the  actual  and  only  walls  he  ever 
saw  on  the  Colorado,  in  this  case  he 
refused  to  accept  "Gen.  Palmer's" 
estimate  of  their  height.  In  the  other 
matter,  however,  not  having  any 
knowledge  himself  as  to  how  far  he 
had  traveled,  or  even  where  he 
started  on  the  river,  he  accepted  in 
good  faith  what  Dr.  Parry  told  him 
and  has  believed  it  ever  since. 

It  would  seem  to  me  unnecessary 


20 


THE  TRAIL 


to  go  any  farther,  still  there  is  more 
for  the  yet  unconvinced. 

The  River  and  Its  Rapids. 

Gen.  Wm.  J.  Palmer,  in  defence  of 
White's    accuracy    and    the    Parry 
story,  under  date  of  December  27th, 
1906,  wrote:  "It  is  only  natural  that 
only  the  salient  points  should  have 
been  fastened  on  White's  attention 
and  memory."   With  this  I  have  al- 
ways agreed  absolutely,  and  I  ap- 
peal to  every  man,  from  Powell  to 
Kolb,  who  has  gone  down  the  Colo- 
rado in  a  boat,  whether  he  has  writ- 
ten about  it  or  not,  to  testify  as  to 
the  big  rapids  of  that  river,  whether 
they  are  not  the  most  salient  of  all 
the  salient  points  encountered — in- 
cluding, of  course,  the  rocks  in  them 
— and  whether  the   experiences  in 
the  rapids  do  not  call  for  undivided 
attention  at  the  time,  and  such  per- 
sonal experiences  become  fastened 
on  the  memory  indelibly,  and  remain 
clear  and  distinct  ever  afterward? 
This,  as  I  know  from  sad  experience, 
being  the  case,  White  is  no  excep- 
tion to  the  rule,  and  notwithstand- 
ing Dawson's  disparaging  estimate 
of  White's  mental  abilities  he  had 
and   has   an   abundance   of  intelli- 
gence to  see  such  things  and  to  feel 
and  note  his  personal  experiences  in 
the  rapids  and  clearly  and  accurate- 
ly to  remember  them  to  this  day, 
and  more  correctly  and  distinctly  to 
describe  them  because  they  were  the 
most  salient  of  all  the  salient  points 
he  encountered  on  the  river. 

For  now  fifty  years,  on  this  one 
point.  White  has  not  only  been  clear 
and  distinct,  but  he  has  been  uni- 
formly consistent  in  everything  he 
has  said  or  written,  never  varying 
once  from  his  story  in  the  slightest 
degree,  beginning  with  his  first  let- 
ter to  his  brother,  in  1867,  and  end- 
ing with  his  last  account  in  1917, 
published  in  Dawson's  pamphlet. 

He  has  told  at  various  times  of 
many  rapids,  whirlpools  and  eddies 


over  which  he  passed  on  that  section 
of  the  river,  "Where  I  went";  but 
he  has  never  written  or  told  in  all 
these  fifty  years  of  more  than  ONE 
BIG  RAPID  over  which  his  raft 
tumbled. 

In  his  letter  to  his  brother,  he 
tells  of  many  times  when  his  raft 
"wold  tip  over  three  and  fore  time 
a  days",  but  only  of  one  big  rapid 
in  these  words:  "i  wend  over  foils 
From  10  to  15  feet  hie."  This  is  one 
of  the  cases  where  it  is  necessary 
to  study  the  letter  in  its  original 
spelling  to  get  its  meaning.  The  "s" 
at  the  end  of  "foils"  is  not  the  plu- 
ral, it  means  nothing  more  than  the 
"s"  at  the  end  of  "days",  or  the  ab- 
sence of  one  in  "time".  It  is  simply 
bad  spelling — as  "wend"  and  "hie" 
are.  If  this  is  not  enough  to  show 
exactly  what  White  intended  to  say 
in  his  letter,  what  he  told  Dr.  Parry 
about  three  months  later  is.  He  told 
Dr.  Parry  in  his  interview,  as  re- 
corded in  the  notes  seven  times,  of 
many  rapids,  whirlpools  and  eddies, 
but  of  only  one  big  rapid  which  Par- 
ry recorded  thus.' "one  fall  10  ft?" 
This  is  the  item  which  I  have  re- 
ferred to  as  recorded  in  the  notes 
and  entirely  omitted  in  his  report. 
For  some  reason  Parry  questioned 
White's  statement,  for  he  placed  an 
interrogation  point  after  it,  the  only 
one  found  anywhere  in  the  notes. 
What  it  was  that  Parry  doubted  I 
do  not  know,  but  he  certainly  doubt- 
ed something  about  the  statement 
for  he  so  marked  it  at  the  time  and 
omitted  all  mention  of  it  in  his  re- 
port. 

Again  it  is  to  be  regretted  that 
space  forbids  giving  you  the  full 
notes,  and  my  analysis  of  them  and 
the  methods  employed  by  Dr.  Parry 
in  writing  his  report  to  Gen.  Pal- 
mer, with  its  omissions  and  doubtful 
additions,  but  I  shall  have  to  obey. 

At  any  rate,  this  statement  by 
White,  at  the  very  first,  that  on  his 


THE  TRAIL 


21 


whole  journey  there  was  but  one 
formidable  rapid,  was  well  known 
to  practically  everyone  in  the  south- 
west at  that  time,  and  everyone  be- 
lieved that  he  had  come  through  the 
whole  length  of  the  great  canons, 
and  it  was  this  valuable  information, 
as  Dawson  has  described  it,  which 
caused  one  Army  officer,  in  a  report 
to  the  War  Department,  to  recom- 
mend the  building  of  a  huge  steam- 
boat to  go  up  the  river  to  explore  it, 
before  Major  Powell's  time !  And  it 
caused  others  to  attempt  just  such 
foolish  things. 

That  this  was  the  information 
given  by  White  at  that  time  is  also 
shown  by  this  incident.  When,  in 
1869,  Powell  arrived  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Virgin  River,  he  at  on^e  or- 


ganized a  party  to  search  fofTthree 
men  who  had  left  him  at  the  big, 
poiverful  rapid — now  known  as  Sep- 
aration Rapid — and  this  fact  and 
that  rapid  were  much  discussed.  As 
four  of  Powell's  boatmen  continued 
down  the  river,  it  was  the  same.  The 
men  on  the  river,  who  had  talked 
with  White,  at  once  c^me  to  the  con- 
clusion that  Separation  Rapid  was 
the  one  big  rapid  White  had  told 
them  about  and,  therefore,  of 
course.  White  came  through  the 
Grand  Canon,  for  Major  Powell  had. 
This  came  to  me  from  Jack  Sumner, 
Powell's  first  boatman,  who  was 
long  in  my  employ.  What  the  river 
men  thought  when  the  boatment 
told  them  of  the  other  300  big 
rapids  which  they  came  over,  and 
White  never  saw,  is  of  no  conse- 
quence here. 

During  my  interview.  White  told 
me  of  many  rapids,  but  only  told  me 
of  one  big  rapid,  and  nothing  I  could 
do  moved  him  one  hairs  breadth 
from  the  truth  as  he  said :  "In  all  the 
journey,  there  was  only  one  big 
rapid,  the  one  with  the  twenty  feet 
fall,  all  the  other  rapids  were  small 
ones."  "The  journey",  of  course,  be- 


ing— "Where  I  went." 

White  actually  experienced  the 
terrors  of  that  one  big  rapid  and 
only  one.  The  experience  was  burnt 
into  his  brain  at  the  time  and  he  has 
never  forgotten  it  for  a  single  mo- 
ment. He  could  not  get  away  from 
it,  so  that  when,  in  1917,  he  sat 
down  to  write  his  latest  account  for 
Mr.  Dawson  to  publish,  although  he 
left  out  many  interesting  things  he 
had  told  me,  and  some  he  had  told 
Parry,  he  was  compelled  to  tell  of 
his  most  salient  experience,  and  he 
still  remained  truthful  and  wrote: 
"On  the  eleventh  day,  I  went  over 
the  big  rapid.."  He  had  learned  bet- 
ter English,  there  was  only  one  and 
the  "the"  expressed  the  fact,  and  he 
did  not  put  a  superfluous  "s"  after 
the  word  he  used  for  "foils"  in  his 
letter.  Thus  is  completed  the  uni- 
form, consistent  and  unbroken  writ- 
ten record  for  fifty  years! 

During  my  interview,  I  asked 
White  many  questions  about  the  riv- 
er, particularly  about  the  rapids 
over  which  he  passed.  He  described 
all  the  rapids,  except  the  one  big 
one,  in  these  words  at  various  times: 
"The  rapid  was  not  a  large  one,  it 
was  a  small  rapid."  This  was  the 
first  one  they  met  and  where  he  (or 
George  ? )  was  thrown  into  the  river. 
Of  the  place  where  his  raft  struck 
and  stuck  on  the  rocks,  he  said :  "It 
was  not  a  rapid,  it  was  just  water 
pouring  over  the  rocks",  and,  "In 
all  the  journey,  ALL  the  other  rap- 
ids were  small  ones."  Again  "The 
rapids  I  went  over,  except  the  big 
one,  the  water  draws  in  smooth  from 
both  sides  to  the  center  and  just 
pours  through  and  I  went  over 
there."  And  many  other  like  de- 
scriptions. 

While  making  my  railway  survey,  I 
kept  a  complete  record  of  all  the  rap- 
ids on  the  Colorado,  both  above  and 
below  the  Grand  Wash  Cliffs.  Look- 
ing over  my  old  note  books,  I  find 


22 


THE  TRAIL 


that  in  recording  the  rapids  in  the 
sixty  miles  above  Callville,  I  gave 
the  character — in  brief — of  each 
rapid,  and  all  of  them  are  described 
almost  exactly  as  White  described 
those  he  went  over.  And  notably  I 
only  recorded  one  big  rapid.  There 
was  only  one  large  enough  to  record 
its  height  or  fall  in  feet,  all  the 
others  ivere  small  ones.  This  record 
was  made  for  railway  purposes,  long 
before  I  had  ever  thought  seriously 
of  White.  In  the  same  section  of 
about  sixty  miles,  the  whirlpools 
and  eddies  are  there,  and,  at  the 
time  of  year  White  was  on  the  wa- 
ter, would  have  handled  his  little 
raft  just  as  he  says  they  did — he 
washed  off,  Strole  drowned,  and  his 
raft  turned  over  again  and  again, 
and  caught  in  a  whirlpool  near  the 
mouth  of  a  river  and  held  for  hours. 
I  have  seen  just  such  accidents  hap- 
pen in  what  any  of  us  who  have  run 
them  would  call  very  small  rapids, 
like  those  below  the  Grand  Canon, 
and  have  seen  this  many  times. 

Here, then,  are  two  separate  de- 
scriptions of  some  one  portion  of  the 
Colorado,  which  agree  in  almost  ev- 
ery minute  particular  as  to  the  char- 
acter of  the  river  and  its  rapids.  One 
of  these  is  given  by  White  describing 
"where  I  went",  and  the  other  found 
in  the  thirty  year  old  note  books  of 
a  railway  survey,  and  the  record  in 
those  note  books  shows  that  the  sec- 
tion described  lies  between  the 
Grand  Wash  Cliffs  and  Callville. 
Furthermore,  there  is  no  such  sec- 
tion, of  even  approximately  that 
length,  on  the  whole  river,  except  in 
Glen  Canon  which  lies  below  the 
Cataract  and  above  the  Marble  and 
Grand  Canons,  and  everyone  knows 
White  was  taken  off  his  raft  at  Call- 
ville. Therefore,  it  must  be  conceded 
that  White  did  float  over  that  par- 
ticular section  he  so  accurately  de- 
scribed, whether  he  passed  over  any 
other  section  or  not. 


Now  let  us  see  how  White's  de- 
scription of  the  river  and  the  rapids 
— "in  all  the  journey" — agrees  with 
the  conditions  that  actually  exist  in 
the  great  canons  above  Grand  Wash 
Cliffs. 

Again  I  call  upon  my  corrobora- 
tive witnesses — every  man  from 
Powell  to  Kolb  who  has  run  the 
rapids  throughout  the  great  canons, 
the  dead  by  their  writings,  and  the 
living  who  can  speak — to  testify  to 
what  I  now  say. 

In  that  section  of  about  500  miles 
there  are  some  520  rapids,  cataracts 
and  falls  (by  my  count)  both  large 
and  small;  somewhere  near  300  of 
them  are  as  large  and  many  of  them 
much  larger,  more  powerful  and 
with  greater  and  steeper  fall,  and 
a  thousand  times  more  exposed 
rocks  and  boulders  in  them  than  the 
"one  big  rapid"  which  White  de- 
scribed and  did  pass  over.  Some  of 
them  have  individual  descents  of 
from  thirty  to  thirty-five  feet.  At 
one  place  in  Cataract  Canon,  which, 
by  instrumental  measurement,  has  a 
fall  of  304  feet  in  eighteen  and  one- 
half  miles,  there  is  a  bunch  of  rapids 
close  together,  which  are  not  only 
"big"  but  are  some  of  the  steepest 
and  rockiest  on  the  river,  only  ex- 
ceeded by  some  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  Grand  Canon,  where  the  fall  is 
165  feet  in  ten  miles,  and  a  few  far- 
ther down  besides  the  rest  of  the 
300  big  ones  scattered  through  Cat- 
aract, Narrow,  Marble  and  Grand 
Canons. 

In  the  face  of  all  these  facts, 
proved  by  instrumental  measure- 
ments, official  surveys  and  reports 
and  the  testimony  of  a  score  of  men 
who  have  navigated  all  of  them,  and 
some  of  whom  have  had  their  strong 
wooden  and  steel  boats  smashed  to 
pieces  against  the  rocks,  we  are 
asked  by  the  advocates  of  the  Parry 
story  to  believe  that  White  floated 
on  a  little  cottonwood  raft  tied  to- 


THE  TRAIL 


23 


gether  with  ropes,  over  the  whole 
300  and  never  saw  or  felt  any  of 
them  save  one !  That  is  what  his  tes- 
timony means,  which  has  never  var- 
ied for  fifty  years,  if  he  did  travel 
that  500  miles. 

It  is  simply  absurd  to  make  such 
a  claim,  and  utterly  silly  to  attempt 
to  back  it  up  by  saying:  *T  think  it 
entirely  feasible  for  him  to  have 
made  the  trip  without  knowing 
much  about  what  he  did!"  (Daw- 
son). That  is  damning  poor  White's 
intelligence  a  little  too  cruelly. 

White  still  believes  that  he  started 
on  his  raft  trip  somewhere  near  the 
mouth  of  Grand  River,  his  latest  sel- 
ected point,  so  far  as  I  know,  being 
"just  below"  and  he  also  believes  he 
made  the  whole  of  the  long  journey 
— because,  "Gen.  Palmer  told  me  I 
had  travelled  550  miles."  But  White 
has  never  once  in  all  these  fifty 
years  made  the  claim  that  he  passed 
over  the  301  big  rapids,  which  exist 
in  that  distance  and  did  not  know  it 
— save  in  one  instance  "near  the 
end  of  the  canon,"  and  that  one  he 
knows  all  about.  He  has  been,  and 
still  is  too  honest  and  sincere  a  man 
for  that. 

When  I  told  him  of  the  great  rap- 
ids in  Cataract  Canon,  beginning 
about  four  miles  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Green  River,  he — honestly  be- 
lieving what  Parry  told  him  that 
he  had  traveled  that  part  of  the  riv- 
er, and  knowing  positively  himself 
that  he  had  only  passed  over  one 
big  rapid — simply  denied  the  exist- 
ence of  any  such  rapids,  and  some- 
what losing  his  temper  he  said: 
"Any  man  who  says  there  are  any 
rapids  for  four  days  travel  down  the 
Colorado  River  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Green,  don't  know  what  he  is 
talking  about  and  has  never  been  on 
the  river.  I'll  spend  all  the  money  I've 
got  and  go  over  there  and  prove  that 
there  are  no  rapids  there,  and  that 
I  went  down  that  [portion  of  the] 


river  on  smooth  water."  And  again : 
"I  went  in  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Green  and  went  down  all  the  way 
to  Callville,  and  there  is  only  ONE 
BIG  RAPID,  as  I  told  you,  just 
above  the  end  of  the  canon."  Even 
though  he  had  been  misled  hy  oth- 
ers and  on  account  of  having  no  log- 
ical reasoning  faculty  he  could  not 
see  the  position  he  was  placing  him- 
self in,  he  was  sincere,  and  I  ad- 
mired his  courage  of  conviction. 

Finally:  on  a  certain  day  White 
passed  the  mouth  of  a  certain  river, 
while  floating  on  his  raft,  below 
which  river  he  was  caught  in  an  eddy 
and  held  two  hours — and  "prayed 
out",  (Parry's  notes).  Without  my 
asking  a  single  question.  White  dic- 
tated this  incident  to  my  steno- 
grapher in  the  following  words: 
"On  the  sixth  day,  the  day  after 
George  was  drowned,  the  raft  was 
caught  in  a  whirlpool  and  spun 
round  and  round.  I  paddled  and  pad- 
dled, but  I  could  not  get  o'ut.  I  was  in 
that  whirlpool  about  two  hours,  when 
I  thought  I  was  lost.  I  prayed  to  God 
Almighty  to  help  me,  and  imme- 
diately the  raft  was  swung  out  of 
the  whirlpool  like  a  shot.  This  was 
the  first  prayer  I  had  ever  said  in  my 
life." 

I  believe  every  word  of  the  above, 
for  that  is  one  of  the  ways  of  whirl- 
pools on  the  Colorado — prayer  or 
no  prayer.  I  have  seen  two  of  my 
own  boatmen  in  their  boat,  caught 
in  a  whirlpool,  spun  round  like  a 
top,  sucked  down  into  the  vortex, 
and  then,  suddenly,  literally  shot 
out  into  quiet  water.  This  being 
the  first,  and  only  such  accident 
White  had  in  all  the  journey,  is  it 
any  wonder,  then,  that  such  an  ex- 
perience should  have  been  burnt  in- 
to his  brain,  and  that  he  clearly  re- 
members the  incident  and  the  sur- 
roundings where  it  occurred — ^just 
below  a  certain  river?  Of  this  river 
he  told  me :  "When  I  passed  it  I  did 


24 


THE  TRAIL 


not  know  what  it  was,  but  after- 
wards Gen.  Palmer  told  me  it  was 
the  Little  Colorado  River."  I  then 
asked  him:  "On  which  side  of  the 
Colorado  River  does  the  Little  Colo- 
rado empty  in?"  He  answered:  "On 
my  right  side,  on  the  right  hand  side 
as  I  was  going  down."  No  facts  I 
told  him,  no  books  nor  reports,  no 
United  States  Geological  Survey 
maps  I  could  show  him  moved  him 
a  particle.  When  I  had  given  him 
the  true  facts  from  all  these,  show- 
ing how  wrong  he  was  in  accepting 
Parry's  name  for  his  unknown  river, 
I  continued :  "You  have  said  that  the 
Little  Colorado  comes  into  the  Colo- 
rado River  from  the  right  hand  side 
going  down  the  river,  and  that  the 
walls  of  the  Little  Colorado  are  not 
very  high.  Are  you  positively  sure 
of  that?" 

"Yes  I  am.  I  saw  it  coming  in  on 
my  right  and  I  know  it  comes  in  on 
my  right." 

"Have  you  never  in  all  these  years 
taken  the  trouble  to  look  at  a  Gov- 
ernment map  to  find  out  the  truth, 
that  the  Little  Colorado  comes  in  on 
the  left,  and  not  on  the  right,  and 
through  a  canon  almost  as  big  as 
the  Grand  Canon,  with  walls  nearly 
5000  feet  high?" 

"I  don't  know  that,  but  I  do  know 
the  Little  Colorado  comes  in  on  the 
right  for  I  saw  it*' 

Again  I  admired  his  honesty  in 
sticking  to  what  he  knew  was  the 
truth  because  he  actually  saw  it,  but 
was  sorry  for  his  blind  trustfulness 
in  believing  what  Dr.  Parry  had  told 
him  as  to  the  name  of  that  particu- 
lar river,  and  for  his  lack  of  mental 
ability  to  see  that  the  one  contra- 
dicted the  other. 

Here  is  the  solution  and  my  con- 
clusion: Everyone  of  the  above 
statements  by  White,  describing  the 
nature  and  height  of  the  canon  walls 
which  he  saw,  the  nature  of  the  riv- 
er, the  kind  of  rapids  he  passed  over 


and  the  number  of  big  rapids  he 
ran,  are  his  own,  the  facts  indelibly 
stamped  on  his  mind  and  clearly  re- 
tained in  his  memory  by  reason  of 
their  being  actual,  personal  exper- 
iences, and  each  and  everyone  of 
them  is  distinctly  and  absolutely 
true,  even  to  the  unknown  river  he 
did  see  coming  in  on  his  right — ^the 
Virgin,  which  Parry  so  erroneously 
named;  that  is,  they  are  true  when 
applied  to  that  portion  of  the  Colo- 
rado from  about  Pierce's  Ferry  to 
Callville. 

On  the  other  hand,  not  a  single 
one  of  them  is  even  approximately 
true;  in  fact,  everyone  of  them  is 
absolutely  false,  if  applied  to  that 
portion  of  the  Colorado  above  the 
Grand  Wash  Cliffs. 

Such  testimony  from  a  direct  eye- 
witness, based  as  it  is  on  his  per- 
sonal knowledge,  acquired  by  actual 
personal  experience  and  sustained 
and  proved  true  by  scientific  sur- 
veys, instrumental  measurements, 
perfectly  trustworthy  reports,  maps 
and  photographs,  it  seems  to  me, 
settles  once  for  all  where  James 
White  actually  traveled  on  his  raft, 
and  consequently  is  equally  true  as 
to  where  he  did  not  go. 

That  White  has  believed,  and  still 
believes,  from  what  he  has  been 
told  and  the  continual  reading  of 
Dr.  Parry's  story,  and  nothing  else, 
that  he  traversed  all  the  canons  of 
the  Colorado  River  is  nothing  more 
than  the  hallucination  of  a  simple 
mind,  devoid  of  any  logical  reason- 
ing power.  Even  if  this  eye-witness 
of  the  whole  exploit  has  this  hallu- 
cination, it  has  not  prevented  him 
from  testifying  truthfully  and  con- 
sistently on  all  vital  questions,  and 
never  altering  this  testimony  in  fifty 
years. 

Therefore,  I  conclude  from  his 
own  testimony  supported  and  proved 
true,  that  James  White  never  passed 
through  a  single  mile  of  the  canons 


THE  TRAIL 


25 


of  the  Colorado  River  above  the 
Grand  Wash  Cliffs ;  but  that  he  did 
float  on  a  raft  or  rafts,  on  that  river, 
in  the  year  1867,  from  a  point  near 
the  Grand  Wash  to  Callville,  Nevada 
a  distance  of  about  sixty  miles — 
where  he  stopped  and  \yas  taken 
off  his  raft. 

A  short  Postscript* 

You  and  your  readers,  of  course, 
are  acquainted  with  the  fact  that 
many  of  those  who  did  not  believe 
the  White  story,  as  written  by  Dr. 
Parry,  accounted  for  it  in  one  of  two 
ways.  Some  said  he  had  told  the 
tale  to  Parry,  and  others,  simply  for 
his  own  glorification,  and  he  has 
been  called  by  very  distinguished 
men  "A  monumental  prevaricator", 
or  more  plainly  "The  biggst  liar 
who  ever  told  a  tale  about  the  Colo- 
rado River."  Others  declared  that, 
in  a  quarrel,  he  had  killed  both  of 
his  companions  and  told  the  story 
to  protect  himself,  thus  being  a  dou- 
ble murderer  and  liar  combined. 

After  my  interview,  I  told  White 
and  his  family  of  these  accusations 
made  against  him,  and  promised  not 
only  to  write  a  defense  of  his  char- 
acter, but  whenever  possible  I  would 
speak  in  praise  of  his  honesty  and 
good  intention.  This  I  have  done, 
in  season  and  out  of  season,  for  the 
past  twelve  years.  May  I  "not,  then, 
quote  from  the  manuscript  of  my 
hoped-for-forthcoming  book  what  I 
have  called  there — 

An  Impressive  Scene. 

Having  fulfilled  my  promise  to 
James  White  to  write  a  defense  of 
his  character  against  the  charges  of 
falsehood  and  murder,  I  feel  sure 
that  he  and  his  good  daughter  will 
pardon  me  for  relating  a  personal 
incident;  an  incident  so  full  of 
pathos  and  dramatic  force,  that  I 
would  that  I  had  the  power  to  put 
it  into  fitting  words,  but  I  fear  I 
shall  be  found  lacking. 

During  the  evening  I  spent  with 


James  White,  September  23rd,  1907, 
some  of  his  children  were  present 
nearly  all  the  time.  After  the  regu- 
lar interview  was  over,  and  I  began 
to  cross-question  him,  his  young  lady 
daughter,  bright,  pretty  and  well 
educated,  and  his  little  son  re- 
mained in  the  room,  while  the  rest 
of  the  family  sat  listening  in  the 
next.  When  I  had  described  the 
fifty-seven  big  rapids  in  Cataract 
Canon,  his  daughter  came  to  her 
father's  defence  with  this  remark: 
"Perhaps  the  rapids  have  been 
formed  since  father  went  down  the 
river."  When  I  explained  to  her  that 
this  could  not  be  the  case  by  reason 
of  the  fall  of  the  river,  and  that  they 
were  there  in  1869,  when  Major 
Powell  was  there,  and  in  1889  when 
I  was  there,  are  there  today,  and 
have  been  there  for  hundreds  of 
years,  she  was  sorrowful  and  disap- 
pointed, but  satisfied  for  the  mo- 
ment. As  I  went  on,  and  White  be- 
came tangled  up  in  the  position  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Little  Colorado, 
and  dazed  by  the  flaming  brightness 
of  the  walls  of  the  Grand  Canon — • 
which  according  to  him  should  have 
been  white  sand  rock — the  daughter 
went  out  of  the  room  and  sat  where 
she  could  see  us  both.  I  turned  to 
see  where  she  had  gone,  and  never 
can  I  forget  the  sight.  She  sat  in  a 
chair,  but  leaning  on  its  arm  she 
looked  at  me  as  a  tigress  ready  to 
spring  at  my  throat,  and  on  her  face 
was  depicted  sorrow,  scorn,  revenge, 
and  hate.  As  I  proceeded,  and  at 
last  promised  to  take  up  her  father's 
defence,  she  with  the  more  trained 
and  logical  mind,  was  the  first  to 
see  that  I  was  simply  getting  at  the 
truth,  in  order  to  place  the  blame 
elsewhere,  and  she  came  into  the 
room  again.  From  her  face  had  van- 
ished all  hate,  all  revenge,  all  scorn, 
but  sorrow  still  remained.  •  -«  .^ 
When  I  came  to  what  was  to  tnem 
the  climax  and  told  how  so  many 


26 


THE  TRAIL 


distinguished  men  had  long  thought 
her  father  was  a  willful  liar  and 
double  murderer,  all  resentment  had 
gone  from  White's  face,  but  he  was 
staggered  and  crushed  as  he  an- 
swered in  that  truthful,  low,  calm 
but  sorrowful  voice — **I  didn't  kill 
them" ;  then  it  was  that  the  daugh- 
ter, kneeling  on  the  floor  beside  her 
gray  haired  father,  placed  her  arm 
around  his  neck  and  with  the  other 
hand  clasping  his  right  hand  leaned 
upon  his  knee,  and  bending  over, 
looked  up  into  his  face,  in  a  pose 
unconscious,  natural  and  yet  most 
dramatic  and  impressive ;  and  while 
he   was   sorrowful   and    depressed, 


there  shone  on  her  face  bright — al- 
most smiling — sympathy,  love,  hon- 
or, as  she  said :  "But  father,  he's  not 
doubting  your  word.  He  believes 
everything  you  say,  only  he  thinks 
you  were  mistaken  as  to  the  part  of 
the  river  you  were  on.  Don't  worry, 
Papa  dear." 

I  felt  it  was  a  scene  I  had  no  right 
to  look  upon,  and,  turning  away, 
went  to  another  part  of  the  room. 

ROBERT  BREWSTER  STANTON 
Sentosa, 

Greenley  Road, 
New  Canaan, 
Connecticut. 
June,  1919. 


I  WANT  TO  BE  ENCOURAGED 

(Dennis  Alonzo  Watters.) 

I  want  to  be  encouraged;    I  want  a  kindly  I  want  to  be  encouraged,  I  scarcely  know 

word,  just  why, 

Such  as  in  my  youthful  days  from  mother's  Only  on  my  soul's  a  grief  and  in  my  heart 

lips  I  heard;  a  sigh. 

I   would  have  my  sorrow  less   and   lighter  And  nothing  is  half  so  good  that  ever  comes 

have  my  load,  my  way; 

And   the   praise  of  children  hear  as   I   go  It  takes  the  heart  load  off  and  brightens  up 

down  the  road.  the  day. 

Through  all  the  years  of  conflict  I've  gloried  'Tis  the  fragrance  of  the  morn  and  the  balm 

in  the  fray  of  the  night. 

And  you  mustn't  think  it  weakness  that  now  Nerving  the  weary  toiler  to  brave  the  manly 

I  speak  this  way.  fight. 

I  want  to  be  encouraged   for  just   a  little  I  want  to  be  encouraged;    the  want  in  me 

while;  is  strong; 

I    would   see   your   eyebeam   gleam,   would  It  gave  purpose  to  my  life  and  made  me 

see  again  your  smile.  hate  the  wrong. 

'Tis  hard  to  bear  our  sorrows  without  a  tear  It  gave  me  true  endeavor  in  boyhood  and  in 

or  moan,  youth 

Though  many  trials  there  are  which  we  must  To  cultivate  the  manly  and  bravely  stand  for 

bear  alone.  truth. 

And  many  are  the  heartaches  deep  hidden  in  And  'twill  ever  be  the  help  that  stimulates 

the  breast  the  soul 

A  look  of  love  would  lighten  and  set  the  And  strengthens  up  the  runner  that  he  may 

mind  at  rest.  reach  the  goal. 

If  we  would  approve  much  more  and  disap- 
prove much  less, 

Would  by  a  word  of  kindness  relieve  the 
heart's  distress, 

If  we  would  look  for  virtues  in  the  people 
we  call  bad, 

If  we  would  seek  to  comfort  the  people  who 
are  sad. 

Bread  upon  the  waters  cast  would  after  some 
delays 

Bring  the  heart  encouragement  from  happy 
,  bygone  days. 


The  West  100  Years  Ago 

By  Washmgton  Irving 

An  account  of  a  Trip  Across  the  Plains  and  Rocky  Mountains  in  1812 

as  told  in  "Astoria'*  by  one  of  the  greatest  of 

American  Authors 

(Continued  from  last  number.) 


All  being  seated,  the  old  sene- 
schal prepared  the  pipe  of  ceremony 
or  council,  and  having  lit  it,  handed 
it  to  the  chief.  He  inhaled  the  sacred 
smoke,  gave  a  puff  upward  to  the 
heaven,  then  downward  to  the 
earth,  then  towards  the  east;  after 
this  it  was  as  usual  passed  from 
mouth  to  mouth,  each  holding  it  re- 
spectfully until  his  neighbor  had 
taken  several  whiffs;  and  now  the 
grand  council  was  considered  as 
opened  in  due  form. 

The  chief  made  an  harangue  wel- 
coming the  white  men  to  his  village, 
and  expressing  his  happiness  in  tak- 
ing them  by  the  hand  as  friends ;  but 
at  the  same  time  complaining  of 
poverty  of  himself  and  his  people; 
the  usual  prelude  among  Indians  to 
begging  or  hard  bargaining. 

Lisa  rose  to  reply,  and  the  eyes  of 
Hunt  and  his  companions  were  ea- 
gerly turned  upon  him,  those  of 
M'Lellan  like  a  basilisk's.  He  began 
the  usual  expressions  of  friendship, 
and  then  proceeded  to  explain  the 
object  of  his  own  party.  Those  per- 
sons, however,  said  he,  pointing  to 
Mr.  Hunt  and  his  companions,  are 
of  a  different  party,  and  are  quite 
distinct  in  their  views;  but,  added 
he,  though  we  are  separate  parties, 
we  make  but  one  common  cause 
when  the  safety  of  either  is  con- 
cerned. Any  injury  or  insult  offered 
to  them  I  shall  consider  as  done  to 
myself,  and  will  resent  it  according- 
ly. I  trust,  therefore,  that  you  will 
treat  them  with  the  same  friendship 


that  you  have  always  manifested  for 
me,  doing  everything  in  your  power 
to  serve  them  and  to  help  them  on 
their  way.  The  speech  of  Lisa,  de- 
livered with  an  air  of  frankness  and 
sincerity,  agreeably  surprised  and 
disappointed  the  rival  party. 

Mr.  Hunt  then  spoke,  declaring 
the  object  of  his  journey  to  the  great 
Salt  Lake  beyond  the  mountains,  and 
that  he  should  want  horses  for  the 
purpose,  for  which  he  was  ready 
to  trade,  having  brought  with  him 
plenty  of  goods.  Both  he  and  Lisa 
concluded  their  speeches  by  making 
presents  of  tobacco.  y* 

The  left-handed  chieftain  in  reply  ^ 
promised  his  friendship  and  aid  to 
the  new  comers,  and  welcomed  them 
to  his  village.  He  added  that  they 
had  not  the  number  of  horses  to 
spare  that  Mr.  Hunt  required,  and 
expressed  a  doubt  whether  they 
should  be  able  to  part  with  any. 
Upon  this  another  chieftain,  called 
Gray  Eyes,  made  a  speech,  and  de- 
clared that  they  could  readily  sup- 
ply Mr.  Hunt  with  all  the  horses  he 
might  want,  since,  if  they  had  not 
enough  in  the  village,  they  could 
readily  steal  more.  This  honest  ex- 
pedient immediately  removed  the 
main  difficulty;  but  the  chief  de- 
ferred all  trading  for  a  day  or  two ; 
until  he  should  have  time  to  consult 
with  his  subordinate  chiefs  as  to 
market  rates;  for  the  principal  chief 
of  the  village,  in  conjunction  with 
his  council,  usually  fixes  the  prices 
at  which  articles  shall  be  bought  and 


28 


THE  TRAIL 


sold,  and  to  them  the  village  must 
conform. 

The  council  now  broke  up,  Mr. 
Hunt  transferred  his  camp  across 
the  river  at  a  little  distance  below 
the  village,  and  the  left-handed 
chief  placed  some  of  his  warriors  as 
a  guard  to  prevent  the  intrusion  of 
any  of  his  people.  The  camp  was 
pitched  on  the  river  bank  just  above 
the  boats.  The  tents,  and  the  men 
wrapped  in  their  blankets  and  bi- 
vouacking on  skins  in  the  open  air, 
surrounded  the  baggage  at  night. 
Four  sentinels  also  kept  watch  with- 
in sight  of  each  other  outside  of  the 
camp  until  midnight,  when  they 
were  relieved  by  four  others  who 
mounted  guard  until  daylight.  Mr. 
Lisa  encamped  near  to  Mr.  Hunt, 
between  him  and  the  village. 

The  speech  of  Mr.  Lisa  in  the 
council  had  produced  a  pacific  effect 
in  the  encampment.  Though  the  sin- 
cerity of  his  friendship  and  goodwill 
towards  the  new  company  still  re- 
mained a  matter  of  doubt,  he  was 
no  longer  suspected  of  an  intention 
to  play  false.  The  intercourse  be- 
tween the  two  leaders  was  therefore 
resumed,  and  the  affairs  of  both 
parties  went  on  harmoniously. 


CHAPTER  IX. 
A  trade  now  commenced  with  the 
Arickaras  under  the  regulation  and 
supervision  of  their  two  chieftains. 
Lisa  sent  a  part  of  his  goods  to  the 
lodge  of  the  left-handed  dignitary, 
and  Mr.  Hunt  established  his  mart  in 
the  lodge  of  the  Big  Man.  The  vil- 
lage soon  presented  the  appearance 
of  a  busy  fair;  and  as  horses  were 
in  demand,  the  purlieus  and  the  ad- 
jacent plain  were  like  the  vicinity 
of  a  Tartar  encampment;  horses 
were  put  through  all  their  paces, 
and  horsemen  were  careering  about 
with  that  dexterity  and  grace  for 
which  the  Arickaras  are  noted.  As 
soon  as  a  horse  was  purchased,  his 

(To  be  c( 


tail  was  cropped,  a  sure  mode  of 
distinguishing  him  from  the  horses 
of  the  tribe ;  for  the  Indians  disdain 
to  practice  this  absurd,  barbarous, 
and  indecent  mutilation,  invented  by 
some  mean  and  vulgar  mind,  insen- 
sible to  the  merit  and  perfections  of 
the  animal.  On  the  contrary,  the  In- 
dian horses  are  suffered  to  remain 
in  every  respect  the  superb  and 
beautiful  animals  into  which  nature 
formed  them. 

The  wealth  of  an  Indian  of  the 
far  West  consists  principally  in  his 
horses,  of  which  each  chief  and  war- 
rior possesses  a  great  number,  so 
that  the  plains  about  an  Indian  vil- 
lage or  encampment  are  covered 
with  them.  These  form  objects  of 
traffic,  or  objects  of  depredation, 
and  in  this  way  pass  from  tribe  to 
tribe  over  great  tracts  of  country. 
The  horses  owned  by  the  Arickaras 
are,  for  the  most  part,  of  the  wild 
stock  of  the  prairies;  some  however, 
had  been  obtained  from  the  Poncas, 
Pawnees,  and  other  tribes  to  the 
southwest,  who  had  stolen  them 
from  the  Spaniards  in  the  course  of 
horse-stealing  expeditions  into  the 
Mexican  territories.  These  were  to 
be  known  by  being  branded ;  a  Span- 
ish mode  of  marking  horses  not 
practiced  by  the  Indians. 

As  the  Arickaras  were  meditating 
another  expedition  against  their  ene- 
mies the  Sioux,  the  articles  of  traffic 
most  in  demand  were  guns,  toma- 
hawks, scalping-knives,  powder, 
ball,  and  other  munitions  of  war. 
The  price  of  a  horse,  as  regulated 
by  the  chiefs,  was  commonly  ten 
dollars  worth  of  goods  at  first  cost. 
To  supply  the  demand  thus  suddenly 
created,  parties  of  young  men  and 
braves  had  sallied  forth  on  expedi- 
tions to  steal  horses ;  a  species  of  ser- 
vice among  the  Indians  which  takes 
precedence  of  hunting,  and  is  con- 
sidered a  department  of  honorable 
warfare. 
)ntiniipd.^ 


^ons  ^Golomdo 


ROSTBR 


■    ^     a 


Adams,  Alva,  Pueblo 
Adams,    Frank,    Denver 
Adams,  Orson,  Jr.,  Denver 
Aicher,    F.    X.,   Denver 
Akers,  Timbo  H.  W.,  Denver 
Alkire,  John   L.,   Denver 
Alkire,   Leonard,  Denver 
Allen,  Edwin  B.,  Denver 
Allers,  Leslie  P.,  Denver 
Allers,  Leslie  F.,  Denver 
Allison,  Thomas  O.,  Denver 
Allison,  William  S.,  Haigler 
Amsden,  Clarence  E..  Denver 
Ammons,    Elias   M.,   Denver 
Ammons,  Teller,  Denver 
Anderson,   Alvan  J.,   Denver 
Anderson,  Joseph  N.,  Denver 
Anderson,  William  A.,  Denver 
Andrew,  Henry  O.,  Boulder 
Andrew,  John,  Denver 
Andrews,  J.   N.,  Rawlins,  Wyo. 
Anfenger,  Milton  L.,  Denver 
Angerman,  Albert  W.  Denver 
Anthony,  John,  Ignacio 
Anthony,  Ward  R.,  Denver 
Appel,   David   E.,  Denver 
Arkush,   Sol.,   Santa   Monica,   Cal. 
Arscott,  S.  E.,  Denver 
.^shley,   Frank  R.,   Denver 
Auckland,  Gaven  E.,  Olney  Spgs 
Auers,  Ray  V.,  Denver 
Aures,  George  E.,  Denver 
Babey,  Francis  W.,  Del  Norte 
Bacon,   Archie   D.,   Longmont 
Railey,  A.  W.,  Longmont 
Baker,  Melvin  D.,  Denver 
Baker,  Nathaniel,  Denver 
Bakes,    Arthur   T.,    Denver 
Bakes,  Howard   P.,   Denver 
Bangs,  James  C,  IDenver 
Banks.  Edwin  N.,  Denver 
Barbien,  Nicholas  C,  Denver 
Barela,   Casimero,  Trinidad 
Barker,  Amos  L.,  Denver 
Barker,  Louis  S.,  Lyons 
Barkhausen,  Lester  J.,  Denver 
Barkley,  Everitte  P.,  Denver 
Barnard,  Grover  M.,  Powler 
Bartels,   Earl  J.,   Denver 
Bartels,   Gustav  C,  Denver 
Bartels,  Herbert  L.,  Cripple  Creek 
Bartels,  Theodore  W.  Jr.,  Denver 
Barnes,  Benjamin,  Denver 
Bassett,  Alden,  Del  Norte 
Bates,   Albert    E.,   Denver 
Bates,   Benjamin,   Denver 
Beall,  George  R.,  Rocky  Ford 
Beattie,  Wm.   H.,  Denver 
Beatty,   William   R.,  Denver 
Beck,   Verner   C,   Aspen 
Becker,   Edmund,  Kremmling 
Beckett,  Rexford  E.,  Lafayette 
Beeman,  S.  L.,  Denver 
Bell,  Leonard,  Denver 
Benson,  Clarence  V.,  Denver 
Benson,  Horace,  Denver 
Benson,  Joseph,  Arvada 
Berger,  George   B.,   Denver 
Berger,  William   B.,   Denver 
Berry,  Edwin   B.,   Eastonville 
Berry,  John  L.,  Denver 
Best,  Boone,    Kiowa 
Biegel,  Robert  H.,  Denver 
Bingham,   Frank   E.,  Denver 
Bjrney,  Cyrus  M.,  Denver 
Bishop,  Edward   A.,   Denver 
Bishop,  Frank  L.,  Denver 
Bishop,  Will  C,  Denver 
Bivens,  Howard  W.,  Denver 
Blake,  Milton  E.,  Denver 
ir  Blanchard,  Albert  B.,  Denver 
Block,  Joseph  H.,  Denver 
Blood,  James  H.,  Denver 
Boatman,  Lafe,  Berthoud,  Colo. 


Roggio,  James  E.,  Denver 
Boggio,  Victor,  Denver 
Bonham,  W.  H.,  Deadwood,  S.  D. 
Bonis,  James  T.,  Grand  Valley 
Boot,  Frank  J.  Jr.,  Denver 
Boot,   Frederick  W.,  Denver 
Boot,  Harold  G.,  Denver 
Boot,  Thomas  W.,  Walden 
Brenbarger,  Frank  I,  Longmont 
Brooks,  John  P..  Denver 
Brown,    Carrol    T.,    Denver 
Brown,  Chas.  E.,  Denver 
Brown,  John   A.,   Denver 
Bosley,  Albert  D.,  Denver 
Bottotr,  Merle  E.,  Arvada 
Boulware,  Robert  R.,  Denver 
Boutwell,  Thomas  P.,  Denver 
Bowland,  Ruben  W.,  Denver 
Rrannan,   Samuel  P.,  Denver 
Brown,  Donald  F.,  Denver 
Brown,  Fred  S..  Denver 
Brown,  George  W.,  Denver 
Brown,  Harlow  G.,  Denver 
Brown,    H.    D.,    Denver 
Brown,  J.   Sidney,  Jr.,  Denver 
Bryant,  Routt  A.,  Denver 
Buchtel,  Henry  A.  Denver 
Buckwalter,  J.  R.,  Denver 
Riiell,  Jesse   E.,   Denver 
Buildey,  John  H.,  Longmont 
Burkart,  John  M.  Jr.,  Trinidad 
Burnell,   Tames  M.,  Denver 
Burchinell,  Wm.   K.,  Denver 
Burlingame,  Walter  E.,   Denver 
Burch,  Thomas  R..  Denver 
Burke,  Carl  W.,  Wiley 
Bush,  James  P.,  Colorado  Spgt 
Bush,  William  L.,  Denver 
Burdick,  Ed.  N.,  Denver 
Bushnell,  George  A.,  Denver 
Byers,  Frank  S.,  Denver 
Cahill,  Luke,  Las  Animas 
Cain, Clarence  M.,  Denver 
Cain,  John  J.,  Denver 
Cain,  Robt.   L.  Jr.,  Denver 
Cairnes,  Alfred  J.,  Denver  _ 
Cammarata,  Chas.  J.,  Trinidad 
Campbell,  Chas.  C,  Jr.,  Louvieri 
Campbell,  Thomas  P.,  Denver 
Camp,   Alfred   P.,  Durango 
Cannon,  George  L.,  Jr.,  Denver 
Canon,   Wilbur   P.,   Denver 
Cantrall,  Fred  O.,  Arvada 
Capps,  Harold  S.,  Denver 
Carlson,  Geo.  A.,  Denver 
Cassell,  Henry  B.,  Denver 
Chamberlain,  Wm.  J.,  Denver 
Charpiot,  George  J.,  Denver 
Chase,  David,  Denver 
Chase,  John  S.,  Denver 
Chase,  Ralph  M.,  Denver 
Chinn,  Howard  T.,  Denver 
Church,  J.  Frank,  Broomfield 
Churches,   H.    Boyd,    Longmont 
Churches,  Jno.  R.,   Longmont 
Clark,  Walter  M.,  Denver 
Clarke,  Andrew  K.,  Port  Morgan 
Clarke,  Harold  A.,  Denver 
Clarke,  Julian  T.,  Denver 
Cleave,  Charles  E.,  Denver 
Cleave,   Charles  T.,   Pueblo 
Clerman,  Howard  T.,  Denver 
Clifford,  Donald  P.,  Denver 
Clifton,  Jefferson  B.,  Denver 
Cobb,  Clarence,  Denver 
Coffin,  Roy  G.,  Fort  Collins 
Cohen,  Elmer  H.,  Denver 
Cohen,   Samuel,   Denver 
Colburn,  Horace  D.,  Denver 
Cole,  Prank  H.,  Denver 
Collier,  D.  C.  Santa  Fe,  N.  M. 
Collier,  Tames,   Denver 
Collier,  Robert,  Denver 


Collier,  Robert  Jr.,  Denver 
Combs,  Colo  C,  Denver 
Combs,  Raymond  W.,  Powler 
Connors,  Dennis  L.,  Denver 
Conover,  Waite  D.,  Denver 
Cope,  Gerald  A.,  Denver 
Cordingly,   George   A.,   Denver 
Ccors,  Adolph,  Golden 
Cornforth,  Charles  W.,  Denver 
Correy,  James,   Denver 
Cotlar,  Charles  R.,  Denver 
Coyle,  Chas.  H.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Crowe,   John   E.,  Denver 
Craft,  William  U.,  Greeley 
Crary,  John  H.,  Jr.,  Denver 
Cranmer,  Wm.  H.  H.,  Denver 
Crisman,  Clarence  O.,  Denver 
Crisman,    Donald,   Denver 
Cronin,  Stanley  G.,  Denver 
Cronkite,  Ed.  M.,  Denver 
Crosby,  Robert  H.,  Denver 
Cross,  Floyd,  Port  Collins 
Crossy,  John   N.,   Denver 
Crouner,  Howard  P.,  Sterling 
Crouter,  Edgerton  E.,  Greeley 
Crowley,  William,  Denver 
Cuneo,   George  A.,   Denver 
Cunningham,  John  H.,  Loveland 
Curran.  James   A.,   Denver 
Currier,  James   P.,   Denver 
Dakin,  Joe  E.,  Denver 
Dalrymple,  Henry  D.,  Denver 
Daune,  Avery,  L.,  Denver 
Davies,  Claude  T.,  Denver 
Davis,   Bert  J.,   Erie 
Davis,  Dowerick  W.,  Denver 
Davis,  Joseph  S.,  Los  Angeles 
Dawson,  Clyde   E.,   Denver 
Dawson,  T.  P.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Debeque,  Wallace,  Debeque 
De  Busk,  Samuel  W.,  Hoehne 
Deldosso,   Peter,   Sopris 
Dennis,  Wm.  M.,  Denver 
Desch,  Paul  B.,  Arvada 
Dickinson,  Earl  J.,  Denver 
Dickinson,  John  P.,  Hugo 
Dieter,  William  P..  Denver 
Diedrich,  Charles  D.,  Denver 
Dieter,  Lorin,  Denver 
Dittman,  Bruno  E.,  Denver 
Dittman,   Fred  W.,  Denver 
Dittman,   Kurt  A.,   Denver 
Dittman,  Oscar  P.,  Denver 
Dittman,  Willard  H.,  Denver 
Doblick,  Nicholas,  Jr.,  Florence 
Dodge,  David  C.  Jr.,  Denver 
Dodge,  John  B.,  Denver 
Doll,   Frederick  S.,  Denver 
Donaldson,  James  R.,  Denver 
Donavan,  Harold  M.,  Denver 
Donavan,  Wallace  Collins,  Denver 
Donovan,  Joseph  B.,  Denver 
Dorman,  Walter  H.,  Denver 
Douglas,  William  L.,  Denver 
Drake,  Clarence  J.,  Denver 
Drey,  George  T.,  Denver 
Drumm,  August,  Denver 
Dunn,  Dacre,  Center 
Dyson,  John  S.  Jr.,  Denver 
Eason,  James  B.,  Denver 
Eccles,  William  T.,  Denver 
Eicholtz,    Leonard    H.,   Denver 
Elliott,  Ezra  T.,  Del  Norte 
Ellis,  John  H.,  Edgewater 
Ellis,  Thomas  W.,  Denver 
Emmal,    William,   Denver 
England,   Victor  H.,  Denver 
Eisner,  John,  Denver 
Eriksen,   Christian    E.,   Denver 
Eskildson,  Sigurd  E.,  Denver 
Essington,  John  M.,   Denver 
Estabrook,  Herbert  E.,  Denver 
Evans,  Alva  A.,  Denver 
Evans,  Evan  E.,  Denver 


30 


THE  TRAIL 


Evans,    John,    Denver 
Evans,   William   G,   Denver 
Fairbanks,  Douglas,  N.  Y.  City 
Ferguson,  Wm.  T.,  Denver 
Field,  Irvine  H.,  Denver 
Ellick,  Walter  P.,  Denver 
Faivre,  Francis  L.,  Denver 
Fillius,  Richard   S.,   Denver 
Fisher,  James  D.,  Denver 
Fitzpatrick,  Art.   L.,  Georgetqwn 
Fleischer,   Ben  H.,  Denver 
Fleischer,  Leo  H.,  Wheeling,  W.V. 
Fleming,   Joseph,  Denver 
Fletcher,  Wm.  L.,  Denver 
Ford,  Wm.  H.,  Grand  Junction 
Forrestell,  Fred  T.,   Denver 
Foster,   Ernest  Le  Neve,  Denver 
Foster,   Everet  E.,   Denver 
Fouque,  Archie   C,  Denver 
Fowler,  Eugene  P.,  Denver 
Fox,  Howard  F.,  Denver 
Franklin,  Lafayette,  Denver 
French,   Park   M.,   Denver 
Froom,  George  M.,  Denver 
Froom,  Royal  D.,  Denver 
Freeman,  W41ter  K..  Denver 
French,  Ralph  F.,  Denver 
Frewen,  Frank  W.,  Jr.,  Denver 
Fribourg,    Amadee    L.,    Denver 
Friedenthal,  Alfred  L.,  Denver 
Friederich,  Philip  P.,  Denver 
Friedman,  Aaron,   Denver 
Friedman,  Alvin  C,  Denver 
Friedman,  Arthur  F.,  Denver 
Gallup,  Edward  P.,  Denver 
Gano,  George   W.,  Denver 
Gano,  Merritt  W.,  Denver 
Gano,  Merritt  W.  Jr.,  Denver 
Garcia,   Celestino,   Conejos 
Gardner,   Kenneth  L.,   Denver 
Garman,  Grant,  Denver 
Gates,   Paul  T.,  Denver 
Gaylord,   Paul   B.,   Denver 
Gaylord,  Paul  L.,  Denver 
Gaynor,  J.   W.,  Longmont 
Geddis,  Robert,  Denver 
Geisert,   Carl   A.,   Denver 
Geisert,  Frederick  A.,  Denver 
George,  Frank,  Denver 
Gerspach,   Otto  H.,   Denver 
Gerwig,  Lawrence  H.,  Denver 
Gilkison,    Charles    J.,    Denver 
Gill,  Charles  W.,  Denver 
Glasgow,  Robert,  Denver 
Glendinnning,   Ted   W.,    Denver 
Goodman,  John  B.,  Denver 
Gove,   Aaron   M.,   Denver 
Gove,   Frank   E.,   Denver 
Graff,  Charles  M..  Denver 
Grant,  James  B.,  Denver 
Greenlee,  George  A.,  Denver 
Greenlee,  William  E.,  Denver 
Greiner,  A.  Leroy,  Denver 
Griff itu,  Grove  B.,  Leadville 
Griffith,  John   T.,   Denver 
Grimes,  Clyde  E.,  Denver 
Groves,  Phillip  O.,  Denver 
Groves,  Wilbur  F.  J.,  Denver 
Guido,  Hans   E.,  Denver 
Guirand,  Henry  L.,  Garo 
Gunson,   Joseph,    Denver 
Gunter,  Julius  C,  Denver 
Hackstaff,  Cyrus  A.,  Denver 
Hackstaff,  Howard  L.,  Denver 
Hagar,   Clarence   E.,   Denver 
"iaines,  Philip  C,  Denver 
Hale,    Irving,    Denver 
Hall,  Clarence  E.,  Cedaredge 
Hallett,    Lucius    F.,    Denver 
Hammer,  Walter  W.,  Trinidad 
Handy,  William  F.,  Denver 
Hannington,  Charles  H.,  Denver 
Harlow,   William  P.,   Boulder 
Harmon,   Everett  M.,  Denver 
Harris,  Benjamin  A.,  Denver 
Harris,  Charles  E.,  Denver 
Harris,  John  J.,  Dolores 
Harris,   Robert,   Denver 
Harvey,  Clayton  P.,   Denver 
Harvey,  Geo.  F.  Jr.,*  Denver 
Harvey,  James  R.,  Denver 
Harvey,  Thomas  T.,  Denver 
Harvey,  Richard,  Denver 


Harvey,  William  B.,  Denver 
Hattenbach,  Leon  M.,  Denver 
Hawthorne,   W.   A.,   Fort  Collins 
Headley,  William  F.,   Breckenridge 
Hearon,   Robert   L.,   Denver 
Heimbecher,  Louis  W.,  Denver 
Heitler,  Abram,   Denver 
heitler,  Julius,  Denver 
Herres,   Morton   M.,  Denver 
Hess,  Charles  M.,  Montrose 
Heyller,  Herman,  Denver 
Hiederer,    William   R.,    Denver 
Higgason,   Oscar   E.,   Cope 
Higgins,  Jos.   T.,  Oakland,   Cal. 
Higgins,  Patrick  P.,  Denver 
Hill,    Crawford,    Denver 
Hill,  Kenneth  A.,  Denver 
Hillman,  James  F.,  Denver 
Hillsten,   Edwin,   L.,  Denver 
Hipp,   John,    Denver 
Hipp,  I'aul  W.,  Ft.  Collins 
Hirschfield.   Alvin   N.,   Denver 
Hogarty,  W.  P.,  Denver 
Hogle,  Austin   W.,  Monte  Vista 
Hogue,  Hugh  M.,  Denver 
Hopkins,   Benj.   F.,  Denver 
Horan,  Joseph  C,  Denver 
Home,  Joseph   E.,   Denver 
Horstman,   Harold   L.,   Denver 
Host,  Arthur   B.,   Denver 
Hotchkiss,  Arthur  Jr.,  Ft.  Morgan 
Hough,   Frank   B.,   Denver 
Howard,   Geo.    W.,    Montrose 
Howe,   Sam,   Denver 
Howell,   Leyner,   Denver 
Howland,  William  S.,  Denver    ^ 
Hughes,    A.    S.,    Denver 
Humes,    Harry    S.,    Denver 
Hunt,   Harry,   Platteville 
Hunter,   John    B.,    Denver 
Hurlbut,    Edward    W.,   Denver 
Hursch,  Jack  L.,  Denver 
lies,    Thomas,    Axial 
Iliff,   John    W.,   Denver 
Ihff,  William  .S.,  Denver 
Ireland,  Richard  P.,  Denver 
Izett,   Douglas  J.,   Denver 
Jackson,  Robt.  J.,  Denver 
Jacobson,    Charles   H.,   Denver 
Jacobson,  H.  Arthur,  Denver 
Jacobson,  Herbert  F.,  Denver 
James,  Edward  H.,  Denver 
James,  Harry  C,  Denver 
Jarecki,    George    M.,    Denver 
Jay,  Robt.   N.,   Denver 
jaycox,  Thomas   W.,   Denver 
Jillson,    Chas.    A.,    Longmont 
Jillson,    Fred   N.,   Longmont 
Johnson,  Charles  J.,  Denver 
Jones,  Alva,  Lafayette 
Jones,  Edward  H.,  Denver 

{ones,  Ralph  E.,  Denver 
oslin,  John  Jay,  Denver 
Joslin,  J.   Jay,   Denver 
Junk,  Robert  R.,  Denver 
Kaub,   Herbert,   Denver 
Keating,  Joseph  V.,  Denver 
Keating,  Peter  E.,  Denver 
Keating,  Wm.  C,  Denver 
Keating,    William  J.,   Denver 
Keepers,  Earle  L.,  Denver 
Kees,  Harvey  L.,  Denver 
Kellogg,   Clarence   M.,   Denver 
Kelly,  Francis  A.,  Denver 
Kelly,  John  K.,  Denver 
Kendig,  Hal  D.,  Denver 
Kendrick,    Charles   A.,    Denver 
Kenney,  James  B.,  Denver 
Keyes,  Harold  C,  Denver 
Keyes,  Henry  Cochrane  Jr.,  Denver 
Kiesler,  Charles,  Denver 
Kimball,  Geo.   K.,   Idaho  Spring! 
King,   George   H.,  Denver 
King,   William  J.,   Villa  Grove 
Kirk,  Charles  L.,  Denver 
Kirk,  Chas.  L.  Jr.,  Denver 
Kirk,   William  J.,   Denver 
Kirkiand,   Charles  D.,  Denver 
Kistler,  Bruce,  Denver 
Kistler,  Earl  O.,  Denver 
Kistler,   Edwin   A.,   Denver 
Kline,    Harry    B.,    Denver 
Knifton,  George  H.,  Denver 


Knight,   Stephen,  Denver 
Kountze,   Harold,    Denver 
Kresser,    Joseph,    Denver 
Kruse,  Jacob  J..  Kiowa 
Kuhlenbeck,   Theo.   H.,    Denver 
Kuykendall,   John    M.,   Denver 
Lambert,  Wm.  T.  Jr.,  Sedalia 
Lapham,  Horace  A.,  Denver 
Latimer,  John,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 
Law,  A.  R.  S.,  Denver 
Lawes,  Joseph  F.,  Denver 
Lawver^  Eldgar  A.  Jr.,  Denver 
Lee,  Walter  S.,  Denver 
Lee,   Wm.    R.,   Rifle 
Lehman,    Edward   W.,   Denver 
Lemen,  Lewis  E.,  Denver 
Light,  G.  Rufus.  Denver 
Light,  James,   Denver 
Lindsey,   Gordon   W.,  Denver 
Linn,  Ralph  H.,  Denver 
Littlejohn,  Lawrence,  G'nd  June. 
Lobach,    Edwin,    Florence 
Logsdon,  James  F.,  Denver 
Long,  George  W.,  Denver 
Long,  John  Jr.,  Denver 
Loveland.  Francis  W..  Denver 
Lower,  Clarence  L.,  Denver 
Luedke,  Wm.,  Oak  Creek 
MacDonald,  Hector  A.,  Denver 
Madden,  Clinton   B.,   Denver 
Mahannah,  Hen.  H.,  Whitewater 
Mahoney,  John  J.,  Denver 
Malone,  George  E.,   Denver 
Maloney,  Frank  J.,  Denver 
Maloney,   Harry   F.,   Denver 
Manchester,  Thomas  C,  Denver 
Manning,    S.    C,    Hyannis,    Neb. 
Martin,  Earl  L.,  Fort  Collins 
Martin,  Ryle  C,   Burlington 
Marshall,   John    S.,   Denver 
Marshall,  Rev.  Chas.  H.,  Denver 
Massey,  Harold  J.,  Denver 
Masters,  Clarence  L.,  Boulder 
Mathes,   James  J.,   Central   City 
Mathews,  Harvey  V.,  Ft.  Collins 
Mathias,  Jacob  T.,  Denver 
Mayer,  Adolph,  Denver 
Mayer,  Louis  H.,  Denver 
Mayer,    Sam,    Denver 
Mayfield,  William,  Denver 
Mays,  Mint  M.,     New  York  City 
McBride,  Charles  J..  Denver 
McCarthy,  Felix  R.,  Denver 
McCartney,  Frank  M.,  Denver 
McCoy,  Claude  L.,  OIney  Spgs 
McDevitt,   John    H.,    Durango 
McDonald.   George   T.,    Denver 
McFall,    Benjamin,   Denver 
McFall,    Oliver,   Denver 
McGill,  Patrick  J.,   Denver 
McGovern,  E.  P.,  Denver 
McGowan,   R.    D.,    Denver 
Mclnroy,  James  P.,  Larkspur 
Mcllwee,  Ray   C,  Denver 
McMillan,  Carl   C,   Denver 
McNeill,  John   L.,   Durango 
McNerny,   Clyde   F.,    Denver 
McPhee,   Elmer,    Denver 
McPhee,    William    P.,    Denver 
McPherson,  J.  D.,  Denver 
McQuade,  Patrick  J.,   Denver 
McQueary,  Ralph,  Granby 
Means,    Frank    H.,    Saguache 
Mears,  Otto,   Denver 
Merritt,  Robert  W.,  Denver 
Miller,   Bert  J.,   Denver 
Miller,  E.  F.,  Denver 
Miller,  James  P.,  Lafayette 
Miller,   Warner  D.,  Denver 
Miller,  William  J.,  Denver 
Mills,  Wilbur  P.,  Rawlins,  Wyo. 
Mills,  Wm.  F.  R.,  Denver 
Moberg,  E.  Leonard,  Denver 
Morey,  Chester  S.,  Denver 
Morey,  John  W.,  Denver 
Morgan,   Edward   B.,   Denver 
Morley,  Harold  T.,  Denver 
Morrison,   William   B.,   Denver 
Morrow,   William  A.,  Denver 
Moyle,  Matthew  W.,  Denver 
Mullen,   Chas.   V.,   Benver 
Mullen,  John  K.,  Denver 
Mulnix,  Robert  C.,  Denver 


m 


Mulvihill,    Frank    E.,   Denver 
Munroe,  Roy  G.,  Denver 
Murray,    Malcolm    H.,   Denver 
Myler,  W.  I.,  Dolores 
Nagle,   Fritz   A.,   Denver 
Napier,  Barnette  T.,  Glenwood 
Naylor,   John   Q.,   Denver 
Nelson,  George  E.,  Ft.  Collins 
Nelson,  Joseph  M.,  Denver 
Nesbit,  Fred,  Tioga.  Colo. 
Newcomb,  Dan  E.,  La  Jara 
Newport,  Tames  J.,  Denver 
Newman,   William   M.,  Denver 
Newton,  George,   Denver 
Newton,   Robert,   Denver 
Newton,  Whitney,  Jr.,  Denver 
Newton,   Whitney.   Denver 
Nicholls,  Henry  L.,  Denver 
Nielson,  Robert,  Denver 
Nienhiser,   Henry,   Denver 
Noce,  Daniel,  Denver 
Nord,   Arthur   C.   S.,   Denver 
Nord,  Paul   O.   S.,  Denver 
Nosek,  George,  Georgetown 
Nosek,  Joseph,  Denver 
Nye,  Artemus  F.,  Des  Moines,  la. 
Oborn,  Harry  W.,  Denver 
O'Connor,  James,  Denver 
O'Donnell,    Canton,    Denver 
O'Donnell,  Ottomar,  Denver 
Okerstrom,  Claus  O.,  Denver 
Olson,   Emil  A.,   Denver 
Olson,  Richard  G.,   Denver 
Oppenlander,  Richard  C,  Denver 
Orman,  James  B.,  Denver 
Owen,  Wm.  R.,  Jr.,  Denver 
Ownbey,  James  A.,  Boulder 
Palmer,   Everett   C,   Denver 
Paradice,   Charles   W.,   Denver 
Patterson,   Wm.   R.,   Greeley 
Peabody,   James   C,   Denver 
Pearce,   William   R.,   Denver 
Peavey,  George  James,  Denver 
Peck,   Charles,   Denver 
Peck,  Fred  A.,  Grand  Junction 
Peck,  William  A.,  Denver 
Peek,    Willard    D..    Denver 
Pell,  George  W.,  Denver 
Peltier,   David  J.,   Lafayette 
Pendleton.  Jonathan  M.,  Denver 
Perrin,  William  S.,  Denver 
Peterman,   Joe,   Denver 
Phelps,    Horace,    Denver 
Phillips,  James   B.,   Greeley 
Pitkin,  Lucius  B.,  Denver 
Phillips,   Lafayette,   Denver 
Pletter,  Walter  E.,  Denver 
Pollack,  Abraham.  Dfnver 
Porter,  John  A.,  Denver 
Porter,  John  H.,  Denver 
Post,  Frederic  E.,  Denver 
Prior,  George  W.,  Denver 
Proctor.  A.  P.,  New  York 
Protheroe,  Vaughn  D.,  Denver 
Rapp,  Leonard  S.,  Denver 
Rapp,  Leslie  A.,   Denver 
Rader,    Cranston    B.,    Denver 
Rajin,  Lafe,  Oak  Creek 
Rankin,  John  M.,  Denver 
Rantschler,  Fred  C,  Denver 
Ratliffe,  J.  Harry,  Vernal,  Utah 
Ray,  Qarence  R.,  Denver 
Reardon,  Joseph  N., Denver 
Rechter,  J.  A.  Jr.,  Denver 
Reitze,   Libor,  Denver 
Remhardt,  Jacob,  Denver 
Resberg,  Wm.  E.,  Denver 
Reseigh,  Clifford  T.,  Denver 
Reynolds,  Charles  H.,  Denver 
Reynolds,  John  L.,  Denver 
Rhoads,  Halsey  M.,  Denver 
Richardson,  Felix  A.,  Denver 
Riche,  Jerome  S.,  Denver 
Richmond,  Geo.  Q.,  Denver 
Richmond.  Walter  LeR,  Denver 
Richter,  O.  H.  Jr.,  Denver 
Robbing,  Lew  W.,  Jefferson 
Roberts,  Charles  P.,   Denver 
Roberts,  Raymond  R.,  Denver 
Roberts,  Rodney,  Denver 
Robertson,  William  M.,  Denver 
Roe,  Robert  S.,  Denver 
Roeschlaub,  J. A.,  Denver 


THE  TRAIL 


Rogers,  Charles  A.,  Denver 
Rogers,  James  G.,  Denver 
Roller,  Douglas  A.,  Denver 
Ronaldson.  William  C,  Denver 
Roots,  John  Riley,  Jr.,  Denver 
Rothweiler,  George  A.,  Denver 
Royce,  Sherman  J.,  Denver 
bidge,  Alfred  P.,  Denver 
Rudd,   Phillip,   Denver 
Ruffner,  Eug.  G.,  Winslow,  Ariz. 
Ruffner,  Harry,  Denver 
Ruffner,  Ralph  R.,  Butte,  Mont. 
Rushmore.  Frank  T.,  Denver 
Russell,  Charles  S.,  Denver 
Russell,  Shirley  L..  Denver 
Ruthven,  Alfred   E.,  Denver 
Ryan,  Timothy   C,   Denver 
Sachs,  Henry  E.,  Denver 
Saenger,  Alfred  G.,  Denver 
Salstrand,  Geo.  A.,  Denver 
Sanborn,  W.  R.,  Jefferson 
Sandell,  Carl  R.,  Denver 
Sanderson,  George,  Denver 
Sanderson,  Walter  S.,  Denver 
Sanderson,  William,   Denver 
Sawyer,  Forrest  E..  Morrison 
Schade,   Earl   C,  Denver 
Schaefer,  Joseph  A.,  Denver 
Schaefer,  Louis,  Denver 
.Schaefer.  Peter  C,  Denver 
Schall,  Wheeler  F.,  Fort  Collins 
Scherrer,  Ivan  S.,  Denver 
Scherrer,   Ralph   E.,   Denver 
Scherrer,  Walter  W.,  Byers 
Schey,   Jacob,    Longmont 
Scheye,  Max  B.,  Denver 
Schirmer,  Frank,  Denver 
Schneider,   Charles  S.,  Denver 
Shelly,    Asa    J.,    Denver 
Scholtz,   Edmund   L.,    Denver 
Schroeder,    Charles    E.,    Denver 
Schuch,  Leland  S.,  Denver 
Schuyler,    Karl    C,    Denver 
Scott,  Harry  P.,  Fort  Morgan 
Shabouh,  Anthony,   Denver 
Shafroth,  John  F.,  Washington,    D.C. 
Shafroth,  Morrison,  Denver 
Sharpley,  William  H.,  Denver 
Shiver,  Wm.,  Rinard,  Iowa 
Schuch,  Leland  S.,  Denver 
Sealey,  Fred  C,  Denver 
Settle,  James  B.,  Denver 
Shoup,  Harold,  Colo.  Spgs. 
Shoup,  Oliver  H.,  Denver 
Shoup,  Merrill,  Colo.   Spgs. 
Shoup,  Verner,   Colo.   Spgs. 
Shumen,  Walter  C.  Jr..  Denver 
Shumway,  Charles  H.,  Denver 
Sigi,  John   W.,  Denver 
Simpson,  Wm.  L.,  Cody,  Wyo, 
Sims,   George   N.,   Denver 
Sitterle,  Clements,  Denver 
Slagle,    Kenneth,    Denver 
Slagle,  Robert  E.,  Denver 
Smedley,   William,   Denver 
Smedley,  William  P.,  Denver 
Smiley,  Arthur  C,   Denver 
Smiley,   Henry   C,   Denver 
Smith,  Albert   D.,   Denver 
Smith,  Albert  H.,  Longmont 
Smith,  Charles   L.   Jr.,   Denver 
Smith,  Dolph  E.,  Longmont 
Smith,  D.   Raymond,   Ault 
Smith,  Edward  A.,   Denver 
Smith,  Francis  P.,  Denver 
Smith,   Henry  A.,   Denver 
Smith,  Holland  C.  S.,  Denver 
Smith,    Horace   G.,   Denver 
Smith,  Kit  Carson,  Breckenridge 
Smith,  Newton  B.,  Denver 
Snively,  Arthur  C,  Denver 
Snively,  Joseph  R.,  Denver 
Soden,  Bernard  J.,  Denver 
Sopris,  George  L.,  Denver 
Sorensen,   Stanley,   Denver 
Sothman,   August,  Denver 
Sitterle,  Clements,  Denver 
Spangler,  Wm.  A.,  Denver 
Speaker,  Clarence  H.,  Vallery 
Spencer,  Allen  B.,  Denver 
-Spencer,   Otis   B.,   Denver 
Spencer,  Robt.  J.,  Denver 
Spendlow,  Arthur,  Erie 


31 


Spoor,  Grover  C,  Pueblo 
Sprague,  Abner  E.,  Moraine  Park 
Springer,  Harry  R.,  Denver 
Stanton,  Irving  W..  Pueblo 
Stebbins,  Herbert  C.,  Denver 
Steele,    Albert    W.,    Denver 
Steele,  Henry  P.,  Denver 
Steele,   Hugh   R.,    Denver 
Steele,  James  M.,  Denver 
Steele,  William  C,  Rocky  Ford 
Steinhauer,   Frederick   C,   Denver 
Steffan,   Frederick  H.,  Denver 
Stewart,  Edward  H.,  Denver 
Stewart.    William    H.,    Denver 
Stobie,  Charles  S.,  Chicago,  111. 
Stokes,   Chas.   A.,   Denver 
Stone,  Wilbur  F.,  Denver 
Stovell,  James  M.,  Tulsa,  Okla. 
Sturvesant,  Sam  B.,  Grand  Jet. 
Sullivan,  Charles  A.,  Denver 
Sweeney,  Eugene  P.,  Denver 
Swingle,  Thomas,  Denver 
Symes,  J.   Foster,   Denver 
Symonds,   Fred  L.,   Denver 
Taggart,  Albert  R.,  Galeton 
Taggart,  Roger  W.,  Denver 
Tannenbaum,  David,  Denver 
Tarbell,  Charles  L.,  Saguache 
Tarbell,  Harry,  Seattle,  Wash. 
Taylor,  Charles  Jr.,  Denver 
Taylor,  Edw.  T..  Glenwood  Sp'gs 
Taylor,   Edw.   T.   Jr.,  Glenwood 
Taylor,  William  F..  Loveland 
Teller,  H.  Bruce,  Byers,  Colo. 
Thies,    Fritz,   Denver 
Thomas,   George  K..  Denver 
Thomas,  Hugh  B.,  Denver 
Thomas,  Wm.,   Denver 
Thompson,   Earle  P.,   Denver 
Thompson,   Robert,   Denver 
Thornhill,   Stanley  A.,  Denver 
Thorson,  Carlisle  J.,  Denver 
Thorson,   Olie,   Glenwood    Springs 
Thurlow,  Chas.  W.,  Loveland 
Tiernan,    Willis   L.,    Denver 
Tinker,  Clyde  L.,   Denver 
Tishler,  Walter  L.,  Denver 
Titus,   Augustus,   Denver 
Titus,  S.  Dickson,  Denver 
Todd.  William  D.,  Denver 
Toncray,   C.    H.,   Denver 
Trease,  Merritt  A.,   Denver 
Trustman,   Elias,  Denver 
Tucker,  Cromwell,  Denver 
Tufford,  Harry  L.,  Denver 
Turner,  George  E.,  Denver 
Turner.  Robert  F.,  Denver 
Twombly,   George   W.,  Denver 
Ulmer,  Harry  G.,  Denver 
Upton,  Frank  M.,  Denver 
Vandemoer,  Neil  C,  Denver 
Vandergrift,   Harry,   Denver 
Vaughn,   Virgil,   Dunkley,  Colo. 
Vail,  Grant  L.,  Denver 
Veal,  Alfred  Jr.,  Aspen,  Colo. 
Velie,   Charles  L.,  Denver 
Velie,  Julius  A.,  Denver 
Vieira,   Herbert  J.,   Denver 
Vosburgh,  Nathan  O.  Jr.,  Denver 
Vroom,  J.,   Nicoll,   Denver 
Vroom,   John    B.,   Denver 
Wagner^  Glen  H.,  Arvada 
Wall,   Chester  J.,   Denver 
Wallace,  Blaine  B.,  Denver 
Wallace,  Harry  A.,  Denver 
Walsen,  Frederick  G.,  Denver 
Walsh,   Donald   C,   Denver 
Walters,  Matthew,  Denver 
Ward,    Charlie,    Denver 
Ward,   Josiah  M.,   Denver 
Ward,  William  D.,  Denver 
Warner,  Harry  0.,  Denver 
Warner,  James  M.,  Denver 
Watkins,   Frank  K.,   Denver 
Watson,  Milton  E.,  Denver 
Webb,   Eugene   R.,   Denver 
Webb,  Oscar  D.   F.,   Denver 
Webster,  Bethuel  M.,  Denver 
Weil,  Dan  G..  Denver 
Weiland,   F.    M.,    Fowler 
Weiner,  Karl  S.,  Denver 
Weiss,  Adam  J.,  Del  Norte 
Welch,  Charles  C,  Golden 


32 


THE  TRAIL 


Welch,    John,    Wolcott 
Wells,   Bulkeley,  Telluride 
Wells,   George   T.,   Denver 
Wells,  John  C,  Denver 
Welte,   Johan    B.,    Littleton 
Whaite,  Adelbert  H.,  Denver 
Wheeler,    Frank,    Denver 
Wheeler,  Frank  E.,  Denver 
Wheeler,  Theodore  A.,  Denver 
Whitaker,    Albert    S.,    Denver 
White,  Kenneth  I.,  bijulder 
Whitley,   Edward  W.,  Denver 
Wilcox,  Charles  MacA..  Denver 
Williams,  Arthur  H.,  IDenver 
Williams,  Carl  W.,  Denver 
Williams,  Edward,  Walsen 


Williams,  Hervy  A.,  Gunnison 
Williams,  John  H.,  Denver 
Williams,  Robert  E.,  Golden 
Williamson,    George    H.,    Denver 
Willis,  Cecil  H.,  Denver 
Willis,   S.   L.,   Encampment,  Wyo. 
Willson,   Newton   M.,   Denver 
Wilmer,  Ray  H.,  Carbondale 
Wilson,  Floyd  A.,  Denver 
Wilson,   Howard   W.,   Denver 
Wilson,   James    H.,   Denver 
Wilmers,  Joe  N.,  Bayfield 
Wingate,   John    W.,   Durango. 

Wimmer,  Ray  H.,  Carbondale 
Wilson,   Valdo  I.,  Denver 


Withay,  Jay   B.,   Denver 
Witherbee,   Max   O.,    Brighton 
Woeber,  J.  Chester,  Denver 
Wood,  Raymond  V.,  Denver 
Woodard,  Brannen  S.,  Denver 
Woodward,  Abner  F.  Jr.,  Denver 
Woodward,  Chas.  A.,  Sulphur  Spgi 
Work,  Philip,  Pueblo 
Work,   Robt.,   Pueblo 
Wrigley,  Merle  G.,  Denver 
Wright,   Chester  D.,  Denver 
Wyalt,  David   K.,  Ault,  Colo. 
Young,  Francis  C.,  Denver 
Zimmerhackel,  Harry,  Denver 
Ziser,   Carl  J.,  Denver 


The  Passing  of  The  Pioneer 


MRS.   LUCY   E.   R.  SCOTT, 

a  resident  of  this  city  for  fifty  years,  died 
at  her  residence,  2842  Josephine  street. 

Born  in  Vermont  82  years  ago,  Mrs.  Scott 
and  her  husband,  George  Scott,  moved  to 
this  city  from  Chicago  in  1869,  when  she 
became  identified  with  the  Emerson  and 
Columbia  schools,  where  she  taught  for  more 
than  ten  years.  She  was  deputy  superin- 
tendent of  schools  for  several  years,  and  for 
a  time  was  in  the  surveyor  general's  office. 


MRS.   MARY   H     HAGUS 
Died  at  her  home,  1959  Washington  street, 
August    6,    following    an    illness    of     three 
weeks. 

Mrs.  Hagus  was  the  widow  of  the  late 
John  J.  Hagus,  former  well  known  furniture 
dealer  of  this  city.  She  was  74  years  old 
jand  had  lived  at  the  Washington  street  ad- 
dress for  35  years.  She  was  born  in  Beren- 
stein,  Prussia,  and  came  to  this  country  with 
her  parents  when  a  small  child.  Before 
coming  to  Denver  she  lived  in  Leadville, 
where  her  husband  operated  the  first  furni- 
ture store  in  that  city. 

She  is  survived  by  three  sons,  the  Rev. 
Charles  H  Hagus  of  Littleton,  the  Rev.  Louis 
Hagus  of  Victor,  and  Joseph  C.  Hagus;  and 
two  daughters,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Branderburg 
of  Denver  and  Mrs.  Emma  Dandrow  of  Chi- 
cago. 


nia  Street,  August  8,  from  heart  disease. 
He  had  just  returned  from  his  dinner  when 
he  was  stricken. 

Mr.  Howard  was  born  in  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
in  March,  1842,  and  while  a  mere  lad  made 
the  trip  overland  in  a  prairie  schooner.  He 
arrived  in  Colorado  in  1859  and  immediately 
set  out  to  hunt  for  gold.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  gold  hunters  to  penetrate  the  San  Juan 
district,  where  he  still  held  mining  claims  at 
the  time  of  his  death. 

Mr.  Howard  was  a  member  of  the  Colorado 
Pioneer  Society  and  of  the  Elks. 


GEORGE  W.  HOWARD, 

a  Colorado  '59er  prospector,  died  suddenly 
in  his  room  at  the  Sears  hotel,  1755  Califor- 


RICHARD  T.  CAFFREY 

Passed  away  after  a  long  illness  at  his  home 
in  Oklahoma  City.  He  was  born  in  Iowa 
and  came  west  with  his  parents  in  the  early 
days  of  Colorado,  locating  at  Central  City 
and  later  moving  to  Leadville,  Colo. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  original  Leadville 
Drump  Corps  which  traveled  under  the  lead- 
ership of  George  W.  Cook  from  ocean  to 
ocean. 

Mr.  Caffrey  later  settled  in  Denver,  where 
he  was  Deputy  Clerk  and  Recorder  for  six 
years.  On  the  opening  of  Oklahoma,  when 
the  big  race  was  made  for  land,  he  located  a 
homestead  near  what  was  afterward  Okla- 
homa City.  Later  he  was  elected  and  re- 
elected as  County  Clerk  and  Recorder  of 
that  town,  where  he  made  his  residence. 

Surviving  him  are  two  brothers  and  three 
sisters  living  in  Oklahoma  City,  and  other 
relatives  in  Colorado. 


ilatn 
212 


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The 

Daniels 
^Fisher 

Stores  Co. 


Early  Fall  Fashions  for 

Better  Dressed   \Voinen 


t 


t 


Special  GoA\^ns  for  Special  Occasions 

Our  Women's  Wear  Department  is  showing  some  decidedly  attractive 
Evening  and  Dinner  Gowns.     We  cordially  invite  you  to  inspect  them.    |» 

Many  of  the  smartest  gowns  are  developed  in  black  lace;  others  in  the 

pastel  shades  of  Georgette,  Chiffon,  and  Velvet.  Bead  and  ostrich 

trimmings  are  used  extensively. 

These  gowns  are  distinctive  and  individual  in  their  loveliness  and  are 
admirably  suited  to  the  formal  dinner,  dance  and  social  affair  of  the 

coming  season. 

We  have  also  received  an  interesting  assortment  of  Street  Dresses  in 
serge,  tricotine  and  poiret  twill.  These  dresses  are  beautifully  trim- 
med in  braid,  buttons  and  embroidery  in  self  tones  and  contrasting 
colors.  Many  feature  the  shoestring  sash.  One  particularly  attrac- 
tive model  is  in  gray  English  Oxford  cloth,  trimmed  in  braid. 


4/%  %/%/m/^^%^>'%/%/%/%/%^^>'%/%/%/%/%^  %''%^%/%/%/%/^'%^%/%^%/%^'%'%/%^%/%^%' ' 


